HMX Immunology Final Exam Study
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What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against? -
✔✔Extracellular bacterial infections
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell - ✔✔A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses
and releases type 1 interferons
Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at
producing them - ✔✔Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state
during viral infection; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
The Antiviral State - ✔✔Protective state that cells enter in response to Type I
Interferons; proteins that can bind to viral double-stranded RNA are produced,
infected cells will die, RNAse activity is induced
,Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - ✔✔Molecules that are
commonly expressed on pathogens but not vertebrate cells, help distinguish
self from non-self; can be on cell surface or released from cells
Gram-Negative Bacterial PAMPs - ✔✔Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cell
wall, flagellin
Gram-Positive Bacterial PAMPs - ✔✔Teichoic acids and peptidoglycan in cell
wall, flagellin
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) - ✔✔Receptors that bind to PAMPs
and activate an immune response; important in innate immunity
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) - ✔✔A group of pattern recognition receptors; can be
located on immune cell surface or within the cell on the endosomal membrane
, Viral PAMPs - ✔✔Nucleic acids
What happens when pattern recognition receptors or toll-like receptors bind to a
PAMP? How does this response differ among different kinds of infection (viral vs.
bacterial)? - ✔✔The immune cell is activated and will secrete pro-
inflammatory cytokines such as type 1 interferons (viral infection), interleukin-
1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) - both in response to
extracellular bacteria
Which 2 cytokine genes are up-regulated when a PAMP binds to a cell surface
TLR? (innate immune response) - ✔✔TNF-alpha and IL-1
What is the transcription factor for the cytokine genes TNF-alpha and Il-1 called? -
✔✔NF-kappaB
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