immune response against these self nucleic acids that are necessary for normal
cellular function? - ✔The TLRs that recognize ssRNA and dsDNA are
sequestered in endosomes.
How can the antiviral state be propagated in the absence of immune cells? -
✔Type I IFNs are produced by infected epithelial cells; this induces anti-viral
biochemical changes in the same cell and adjacent cells.
,A child presents with recurrent bacterial infections. Of the genetic defects
described below, what is the most likely cause of her disease? - ✔A mutation
in the C3 gene that renders the C3 protein nonfunctional.
____________ is the process by which something that is not otherwise
recognized as a pathogen is coated with proteins that make it more recognizable
to the immune system. - ✔Opsonization
The majority of the symptoms of tetanus infection are caused by the tetanus
toxins, chiefly tetanospasmin. Tetanospasmin is one of the deadliest toxins
known; even very small doses (nanograms) can be lethal. It targets the nerves,
causing severe muscle spasms. The tetanus vaccine consists of inactivated tetanus
toxin; the vaccine is highly effective for preventing tetanus. Inoculation with the
tetanus vaccine leads to the production of protective antibodies. How do these
antibodies prevent tetanus? - ✔Neutralization
,Streptococcus pneumoniae is an extracellular bacterium that is a leading cause of
bacterial pneumonia and meningitis, particularly in children and the elderly.
Fortunately, most cases of S. pneumoniae can be prevented with a vaccine that
contains components of the bacterial capsule. The vaccine is known to lead to
the production of antibodies that recognize intact bacteria.
What are the most likely mechanisms activated by these antibodies that result in
protection against S. pneumoniaeinfection? (select two answers) - ✔The key is
that S. pneumoniae is an extracellular bacterium. The vaccine elicits a humoral
immune response, which generates antibodies that bind to the surface of the
bacterium. The antibodies bound to bacteria can activate complement (direct
killing of the bacteria) and opsonization followed by phagocytosis. ADCC is usually
directed against viral proteins displayed on the surface of cells. It is conceivable
that antibodies could neutralize the function of bacterial components, but direct
killing by complement and phagocytosis are the best-characterized mechanisms
for eliminating extracellular bacteria.
There is strong interest in developing a vaccine that would prevent human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or substantially reduce viral loads in a
, person with HIV. HIV infects immune cells by binding to a receptor called CD4 on
the surface of those cells. Laboratory studies have identified rare antibodies that
bind to intact HIV viral particles and effectively control the virus in certain
individuals. Structural studies revealed that some of these antibodies bind to a
protein on the surface of HIV at the same location where this protein binds to
CD4.
What is the most likely mechanism of action of these antibodies? -
✔Neutralization
How many distinct peptide chains are found in a single molecule of IgG? -
✔Each IgG antibody is comprised of two heavy chain and two light chain peptide
chains joined by disulfide bridges.
How many distinct binding sites are found in a single molecule of IgG? - ✔Two
Which of the following antibodies is protected from proteases that are commonly
found in the gut? - ✔IgA
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