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HCC Final A&P 1 Exam Questions & Answers 2024/2025
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HCC Final A&P 1 Exam Questions & Answers 2024/2025 1. chemical (atom) (lowest level) 2. cellular level (cells) 3. tissue level (tissue) 4. organ level (organs) 5. organ system level (organ system) 6. organism level (organism, human) - ANSWERSName the levels of organization of the human bo...

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  • October 28, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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HCC Final A&P 1 Exam Questions &
Answers 2024/2025

1. chemical (atom) (lowest level)

2. cellular level (cells)

3. tissue level (tissue)

4. organ level (organs)

5. organ system level (organ system)

6. organism level (organism, human) - ANSWERSName the levels of organization of the human body in
decreasing to increasing order.



homeostasis - ANSWERSWhat is the existence of a stable internal environment. The goal of physiological
regulation and the key to survival in a changing environment?



11 organ systems - ANSWERSHow many organ systems do humans have?



1. acidic

2. It contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions. - ANSWERSA solution with a pH below 7 is what?

What does this mean?



1. basic or alkaline

2. It has more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. - ANSWERSA solution with a pH above 7 is what?

What does this mean?



7.35 to 7.45 - ANSWERSWhat is the normal pH of blood ranges?



buffer - ANSWERSWhat are compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by removing or replacing
hydrogen ions?

,1. buffer system

2. carbonic acid-bicarbonate system - ANSWERS1. What resists abrupt and large changes in the pH of the
body fluids? Usually consist of a weak acid and a weak base.

2. Name an example.



1. distance

2. molecule size

3. temperature

4. concentration gradient

5. electrical forces

6. diffusion across plasma membranes - ANSWERSWhat factors affect the rate of diffusion?



can be simple or channel mediated - ANSWERSHow does diffusion across plasma membranes affect the
rate of diffusion?



simple diffusion - ANSWERSWhat are materials that diffuse through plasma membrane through lipid-
soluble compounds (alcohols, fatty acids, steroids) and dissolved gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide)?



osmosis - ANSWERS*What is the diffusion of water across the cell membrane?

*What type of diffusion has more solute molecules, lower concentration of water molecules?

*What type of diffusion has a membrane that must be freely permeable to water, selectively permeable
to solutes?

*What type of diffusion has water molecules diffuse across membrane toward solution with more
solutes?

*What type of diffusion has volume increase on the side with more solutes?



isotonic (iso=same, tonos=tension) - ANSWERSWhat is a solution that does not cause osmotic flow of
water in or out of a cell?

,hypotonic (hypo=below, tonos=tension) - ANSWERSWhat has less solutes and loses water through
osmosis?



hypertonic (hyper=above, tonos=tension) - ANSWERSWhat has more solutes and gains water by
osmosis?



1. hypotonic solution

2. ruptures (hemolysis of red blood cells) - ANSWERSWhat type of solution is a cell that gains water?

What happens?



1. hypertonic solution

2. shrinks (crenation of red blood cells) - ANSWERSWhat type of solution loses water?

What happens?



hypertonic solution - ANSWERSWhat type of solution causes crenation of red blood cells?



hypotonic solution - ANSWERSWhat type of solution causes hemolysis of red blood cells?



1. cytoskeleton

2. microvilli

3. centrioles

4. cilia

5. ribosomes

6. proteasomes - ANSWERSName non-membranous organelles.



1. endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

2. Golgi apparatus

3. lysosomes

4. peroxisomes

, 5. mitochondria - ANSWERSName membranous organelles.



non-membranous organelles - ANSWERSWhat type of organelle has no direct contact with cytosol?



membranous organelles - ANSWERSWhat type of organelle is isolated from cytosol?



microtubules - ANSWERS*What cytoskeleton is large, hollow tubes of tubulin?

*What cytoskeleton attaches to centrosome?

*What cytoskeleton strengthens cell and anchor organelles?

*What cytoskeleton changes cell shape?

*What cytoskeleton moves vesicles within cell (kinesin and dynein)?



centrioles - ANSWERS*What forms spindle apparatus (mitotic spindle) during cell division?

*What organelle is capable of cell division and the centrosome surrounds a pair of cylindrical structures.

*What organelle produces an arrangement of 9 microtubule triplets (9+0 array)?



ribosomes - ANSWERSWhat organelle builds polypeptides in protein synthesis?



1. free ribosomes

2. fixed ribosomes - ANSWERSName two types of ribosomes.



free ribosomes - ANSWERSWhat ribosome is in the cytoplasm and manufactures protein for cells?



fixed ribosomes - ANSWERSWhat ribosome is attached to ER and manufactures protein for secretion?



smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) - ANSWERSWhat organelle has functions:

1. Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids.

2. Storage of synthesized molecules and materials.

3. Transport of materials within the ER.

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