BZ 310 EXAM 1 CSU NGD || WITH ERROR-FREE SOLUTIONS.
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Course
BZ 310
Institution
BZ 310
Major differences between plant and animal cells correct answers Animal:
Only cell membrane
Plastids Absent (heterotrophic)
Vacuole One or few small
Shape Irregular, no mechanical support
In vitro regeneration: Single cell can not regenerate into a new organism
Lysosomes Present
Plant:
C...
BZ 310 EXAM 1 CSU NGD || WITH ERROR-FREE
SOLUTIONS.
Major differences between plant and animal cells correct answers Animal:
Only cell membrane
Plastids Absent (heterotrophic)
Vacuole One or few small
Shape Irregular, no mechanical support
In vitro regeneration: Single cell can not regenerate into a new organism
Lysosomes Present
Plant:
Cell wall is present outside cell membrane, made of cellulose
Plastids Present, perform photosynthesis (autotrophic)
Large vacuole for storage (about 90%) of cell space in mature cells
Fixed shape because of cell wall
Plant cell can be regenerated into a new plant (tissue culture)
Lysosomes are usually not evident
resolution power correct answers Minimum resolvable distance between two objects
Resolution (D)=0.61(lambda)/nsintheta correct answers Lambda-wavelength of the incident light
used to image the object
N=Refractive index of the imaging medium
Theta=the angle of the incoming light
The lower the wavelength, the n and the theta, the lower the resolvable distance (D) and the
higher the resolution power
Depth of Field (DOF) correct answers The furthest distance between two focused objects at
certain distance from the lens, depends on the focal length and the aperture
Contrast correct answers Difference in the appearance of the different parts of the image (depend
son the way in which image is formed)
Conventional light microscopy=uses visible light for specimen illumination correct answers Can
magnify cells up to 1000 times and resolve details as small as 0.2mm
Total magnification= magnification of the objective x magnification of eyepiece
The limitation of light micro-soy is imposed by the wavelength of the visible light and not by the
quality of lenses
Types of conventional light microscopy: bright field correct answers Contrast by light absorption
Advantage:
Simple optics
Limitation:
Fixing/staining often needed, some structure can be lost and cells are dead
, Tissue must be either thing or sectioned
Types of convention light microscopy: phase contrast correct answers Contrast by interference
(differences in refractive index of the different parts of the specimen)
Used to view cells as they are (no artifacts)
Limitations: single cell layer
Advantage: visualize living specimens that have no contrast in the bright field
Types of conventional light microscopy: dark field correct answers Contrast by light scattering
shown white in a black background
Used to view living, unstained, fast-moving specimen
Fluorescence microscopy correct answers Specimen or parts of the specimen are stained with a
fluorescent dye (fluorophore)
The fluorophore absorb specific λ (excitation λ) and emit fluorescence with different λ (emission
λ)
Two filters are present:
Filter 1: pas only wavelength that excite the fluorophore
Filter 2: blocks the excitation wavelength and allows the emitted wavelengths
Regular fluorescence microscopy vs confocal scanning laser fluorescence microscopy correct
answers Light to specimen to objective vs focusing lens is used to scan the sample (no depth of
field limitation) to computer+detector
GFP is a fluorescent protein used to localize molecules in cells correct answers GFP (Green
Fluorescent Protein) is a fluorescent protein isolated from Jelly fish
Its excitation λ is blue (488 nm) and emission is green
There are different modified versions of GFP that emit different colors
GFP used to localize/visualize macromolecules by either fusion or Antibody
labeling
Antibody labeling vs Fluorophor fusion correct answers Tubular polymer to antibody to
fluorophore to excitation light to emission vs promoter bonded to GFP bonded to coding
sequence at n-terminus becomes mRNA becomes fusion protein becomes localization of shoot
root mole protein
Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both
standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell.
Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the
same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a fluorescent
microscope is still limited by the __________ of visible light.
a. absorption
b. intensity
c. filtering
d. wavelength correct answers Wavelength
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