PSYO 310 Ch. 9: Working Memory and Cognitive Control ||
with Complete Solutions.
Working Memory correct answers - active and temporary representation of information that is
maintained for the short term, available for manipulation
- STM refers to broad class of transient memories that receive our attention
- working memory is one of many ways in which STM is used as a cognitive tool
- rehearsal is important part of how we keep information active and accessible within STM
Cognitive Control correct answers - manipulation and application of working memory that
allows for the exercise of various aspects of higher-order cognition, including:
> planning
> problem solving
> reasoning
> task switching
> attention paying
> stimulus selection
> inhibition of inappropriate reflexive behaviours
> controlled updating of STM buffers
- AKA executive control/ executive function
Three types of memory correct answers 1. Short-term memory: temporary memory that is
maintained through active rehearsal
2. Long-term memory: permanent or near-permanent storage of memory that lasts beyond a
period of conscious attention
3. Transient memory:
- nonpermanent memory that lasts seconds or minutes
- atkinson-shiffrin model describes 2 types:
> sensory memory
> short-term memory
Transient memories correct answers - short-lasting mental representations, sometimes persisting
for only a few seconds
Sensory memories correct answers - brief, transient sensations of what you have just perceived
when you have seen, heard, touched, smelled, or tasted something
Visual sensory memory correct answers - temporary storage in sensory memory for information
perceived by your visual system
Sperling task correct answers
Short-term memory correct answers - William James: STM is of limited capacity, effortlessly
available, and fleeting in contrast to LTM
, - capacity of short-term memory is determined by how we encode the information we try to
retain
- Miller: the limit to STM is not an absolute amount of information (or number of digits) but
rather a limit to the number of unique concepts or link to LTM that can be held active
- chunking (breaking information into smaller bits) is an essential tool for controlling our STM
and using it effectively to temporarily store as much info as possible
STM vs LTM correct answers STM:
- active contents of consciousness
- rapidly accessed
- limited in capacity
- forgotten quickly
LTM:
- not currently in consciousness
- accessed more slowly
- unlimited in capacity
- forgotten more slowly
Baddeley's Working Memory Model correct answers - Alan Baddeley proposed an influential
model of working memory that includes two independent short-term memory buffers: the
visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop
- third component is the central executive: monitors and manipulates both of these working-
memory buffers, providing cognitive control of working memory
visuospatial sketchpad correct answers - component of baddeley's model of working memory
that holds visual and spatial images for manipulation
- mental workspace for storing and manipulating visual and spatial information
- limited capacity similar to the phonological loop, but these capacities are independent of one
another
- dual-task experiments provide evidence for the independence of these two memory buffers
- visual memory is the modality of choice for many carefully controlled laboratory experiments
on working memory in animals
- delayed nonmatch-to-sample (DNMS) task is another test of visual memory that involves
remembering some object seen at the trials start
Phonological loop correct answers - component of baddeley's model of working memory that
maintains auditory memories by internal (subvocal) speech rehearsal
- without rehearsal, most people retain about 2 seconds worth of information in their
phonological memory
- internal, unspoken speech used during rehearsal is vital to the phonological loop and verbal
working memory
- involves word-length effect
Central executive manipulations include: correct answers - adding to and deleting from the items
in the buffers
- selecting among the items in order to guide behaviour
with Complete Solutions.
Working Memory correct answers - active and temporary representation of information that is
maintained for the short term, available for manipulation
- STM refers to broad class of transient memories that receive our attention
- working memory is one of many ways in which STM is used as a cognitive tool
- rehearsal is important part of how we keep information active and accessible within STM
Cognitive Control correct answers - manipulation and application of working memory that
allows for the exercise of various aspects of higher-order cognition, including:
> planning
> problem solving
> reasoning
> task switching
> attention paying
> stimulus selection
> inhibition of inappropriate reflexive behaviours
> controlled updating of STM buffers
- AKA executive control/ executive function
Three types of memory correct answers 1. Short-term memory: temporary memory that is
maintained through active rehearsal
2. Long-term memory: permanent or near-permanent storage of memory that lasts beyond a
period of conscious attention
3. Transient memory:
- nonpermanent memory that lasts seconds or minutes
- atkinson-shiffrin model describes 2 types:
> sensory memory
> short-term memory
Transient memories correct answers - short-lasting mental representations, sometimes persisting
for only a few seconds
Sensory memories correct answers - brief, transient sensations of what you have just perceived
when you have seen, heard, touched, smelled, or tasted something
Visual sensory memory correct answers - temporary storage in sensory memory for information
perceived by your visual system
Sperling task correct answers
Short-term memory correct answers - William James: STM is of limited capacity, effortlessly
available, and fleeting in contrast to LTM
, - capacity of short-term memory is determined by how we encode the information we try to
retain
- Miller: the limit to STM is not an absolute amount of information (or number of digits) but
rather a limit to the number of unique concepts or link to LTM that can be held active
- chunking (breaking information into smaller bits) is an essential tool for controlling our STM
and using it effectively to temporarily store as much info as possible
STM vs LTM correct answers STM:
- active contents of consciousness
- rapidly accessed
- limited in capacity
- forgotten quickly
LTM:
- not currently in consciousness
- accessed more slowly
- unlimited in capacity
- forgotten more slowly
Baddeley's Working Memory Model correct answers - Alan Baddeley proposed an influential
model of working memory that includes two independent short-term memory buffers: the
visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop
- third component is the central executive: monitors and manipulates both of these working-
memory buffers, providing cognitive control of working memory
visuospatial sketchpad correct answers - component of baddeley's model of working memory
that holds visual and spatial images for manipulation
- mental workspace for storing and manipulating visual and spatial information
- limited capacity similar to the phonological loop, but these capacities are independent of one
another
- dual-task experiments provide evidence for the independence of these two memory buffers
- visual memory is the modality of choice for many carefully controlled laboratory experiments
on working memory in animals
- delayed nonmatch-to-sample (DNMS) task is another test of visual memory that involves
remembering some object seen at the trials start
Phonological loop correct answers - component of baddeley's model of working memory that
maintains auditory memories by internal (subvocal) speech rehearsal
- without rehearsal, most people retain about 2 seconds worth of information in their
phonological memory
- internal, unspoken speech used during rehearsal is vital to the phonological loop and verbal
working memory
- involves word-length effect
Central executive manipulations include: correct answers - adding to and deleting from the items
in the buffers
- selecting among the items in order to guide behaviour
