Psy 200 Exam 2 Study Guide Questions and Answers 2024
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What is memory - ANS ✔✔ - The ability of our mind to store & remember information
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What is encoding? - ANS ✔✔ - Encoding is how our brain breaks down information into something we can understand as well
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as putting it in terms we can store in our brains.
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What is storage? - ANS ✔✔ - Storage is placing newly acquired information into memory which is then later modified
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What is retrieval? - ANS ✔✔ - the process of getting information out of memory storage
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Explain the study by Craik & Tulving (1975) - ANS ✔✔ - Researchers presented participants with a series of words and asked
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them to make one of three types of judgements
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a) Semantic judgement - required the participants to think about the meaning of the word.
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b) Rhyme judgements - required the participants to think about the sound of the word.
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c) Visual judgements - required the participant to think about the appearance of the word.
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The type of judgement task had a powerful impact on their memories. The participants who made semantic judgements had
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much better memory for the words than did participants who had thought about how the word looked or sounded.
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**The results of this has shown that long-term retention is greatly enhanced by elaborative encoding**
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What is visual imagery encoding? - ANS ✔✔ - storing new information by converting it into mental pictures
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What area of the brain is active during semantic encoding? - ANS ✔✔ - Frontal lobe
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What area of the brain is active during visual encoding? - ANS ✔✔ - Occipital lobe
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What is organizational encoding? - ANS ✔✔ - the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a
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series of items
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What is semantic encoding? - ANS ✔✔ - the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
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What is the sensory memory store? - ANS ✔✔ - A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.
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What is iconic memory? - ANS ✔✔ - a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory
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lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
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What is echoic memory? - ANS ✔✔ - a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and
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words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
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Describe the experiment by Sperling (1960) and how it showed sensory memory exists - ANS ✔✔ - Iconic memory test: When
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a grid of letters is flashed on screen for only 1/20th of a second, it is difficult to recall individual letters. But if prompted to
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remember a particular row immediately after the grid is shown, research participants will do so with high accuracy.
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,Sperling used this procedure to demonstrate that although iconic memory stores the whole grid, the information fades away
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too quickly for a person to recall everything
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How long does sensory memory last? - ANS ✔✔ - 1/5 to 1/2 of a second
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What is short term memory? - ANS ✔✔ - a memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in
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awareness
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How long can information stay in short term memory? - ANS ✔✔ - Between 15 & 30secs
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What is rehearsal? - ANS ✔✔ - the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it
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What is the capacity of short term memory? - ANS ✔✔ - +/- 7 items
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What is chunking? - ANS ✔✔ - organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically such as a phone
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number
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instead of seeing 1235557890, we'd organize it as 123-555-7890
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What is working memory & how does it show the active nature of this type of memory? - ANS ✔✔ - What you're thinking of
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in that exact moment (short term memory)
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Your mind is constantly thinking of different things so your short term memory is constantly changing with what it was
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focusing on.
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What is long-term memory? - ANS ✔✔ - the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
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What is capacity? - ANS ✔✔ - The amount of information that can be held in a memory store
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What is anterograde amnesia? - ANS ✔✔ - inability to form new memories
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What is retrograde amnesia? - ANS ✔✔ - Inability to remember events that occurred before the incidence of trauma or the
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onset of the disease that caused the amnesia
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What part of the brain seems to be important in moving information to the long-term memory store (and is damaged in
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anterograde amnesia)? - ANS ✔✔ - Hippocampus
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What is consolidation? - ANS ✔✔ - process that maintains, strengthens, and modifies memories that are already in long-term
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memory
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What is reconsolidation? - ANS ✔✔ - the action of reactivating existing memories from the past
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Researchers believe that the connections between neurons might be the basis for long-term memory. What physical changes
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seem to result from learning? - ANS ✔✔ - New neural pathways are formed in the brain between neurons as we learn new
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material
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What is long-term potentiation? - ANS ✔✔ - increase in synaptic plasticity/strength of synapse. key component of learning.
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What are retrieval cues? - ANS ✔✔ - external information that helps bring stored information to mind like a familiar smell or
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sound
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What is the encoding specificity principle? - ANS ✔✔ - recall is better if the retrieval context is similar to the encoding context
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example: chewing a piece of gum while studying, then chewing the same piece of gum during the exam
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What is state-dependent retrieval? - ANS ✔✔ - The state you're in such as being happy or sad, while determine which
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memories etc are more easily retrieved. Your state of consciousness being the same.
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