Cell Biology: Cell Structure Exam Questions with Verified Answers| Graded A
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Course
Cell Biology
Institution
Cell Biology
Cell Biology: Cell Structure Exam
Questions with Verified Answers|
Graded A
1. **Explain the endosymbiotic theory and provide evidence supporting it.**
The endosymbiotic theory suggests that certain organelles, such as mitochondria and
chloroplasts, originated as free-living bacteria that ...
Cell Biology: Cell Structure Exam
Questions with Verified Answers|
Graded A
1. **Explain the endosymbiotic theory and provide evidence supporting it.**
The endosymbiotic theory suggests that certain organelles, such as mitochondria and
chloroplasts, originated as free-living bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.
Evidence includes similarities in size, double membranes, their own circular DNA, and the
ability to replicate independently.
2. **Describe the role of the nucleolus in ribosome biogenesis.**
The nucleolus is responsible for the synthesis and assembly of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and
proteins to form the small and large subunits of ribosomes, which are then transported to the
cytoplasm for translation.
3. **What are the main functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in cellular
metabolism?**
The SER is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs and toxins, and calcium ion
storage, particularly in muscle cells.
4. **How does the structure of the phospholipid bilayer contribute to its selective
permeability?**
1
, The phospholipid bilayer has hydrophilic heads that face outward and hydrophobic tails
that face inward, allowing selective passage of substances. Small, non-polar molecules can
diffuse freely, while larger, polar molecules require transport proteins.
5. **Compare the structure and function of mitochondria and chloroplasts.**
Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles that generate ATP through cellular
respiration. Chloroplasts, also double-membraned, perform photosynthesis in plants, converting
light energy into chemical energy. Both contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
6. **What is the role of lysosomes in apoptosis, and how does this process benefit the
organism?**
Lysosomes release hydrolytic enzymes that break down cellular components during
apoptosis (programmed cell death). This process is essential for development, removing
damaged cells, and maintaining tissue homeostasis.
7. **Describe how the cytoskeleton contributes to both cell shape and intracellular transport.**
The cytoskeleton is composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
It maintains cell shape, anchors organelles, and facilitates movement of materials within the cell
through motor proteins like dynein and kinesin.
8. **Explain the role of membrane proteins in cell signaling and transport.**
2
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