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Terms in this set (302)
are those circumstances that cause the offender to
be punished more severely than they would
normally be for a specific crime. For example,
AGGRAVATING
conviction for the rape of a child would warrant a
CIRCUMSTANCES
more serious punishment than rape of an adult,
because society views a child as more vulnerable
and helpless (Hunter & Dantzker, 2002:3±32).
as an approach to studying crime emphasises the
importance of free will and views a criminal act as
one that had been consciously carried out by its
perpetrator; the perpetrator has rationally weighed
up the advantages and disadvantages of
CLASSICAL undertaking the action. The main focus of classicist
CRIMINOLOGY criminology is on the operation of the criminal
justice system. Classicists believe that, if this system
operated in a consistent and predictable fashion, it
would eliminate crime (because those who
committed crime knew that they would not get away
with it (Joyce, 2006:557)).
are shorter processes that use more limited
CRIMINAL EVENT
information that relates mainly to the immediate
DECISIONS
circumstances and situations (Cote,2002:292).
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refers to the processes through which individuals
CRIMINAL initially choose to become involved in particular
INVOLVEMENT forms of crime, to continue on this path, and then,
later to desist from crime (Cote, 2002:29).
is a term used to indicate that even though
individuals may make poor decisions, often based
LIMITED OR BOUNDED
on incomplete or simply inadequate information,
RATIONALITY
they are nonetheless rational actors (Newburn,
2007:949).
are those circumstances that would result in a more
lenient sentence that would normally be imposed
MITIGATING for a similar crime. A first- time offender would
CIRCUMSTANCES normally receive a lighter sentence than someone
with a long criminal history (Hunter & Dantzker,
2002:32).
is a body of theory that contends that scientific
criminology (positivism), with its belief in
rehabilitation, is invalid. According to this school of
NEO-CLASSICAL thought, society should return to the principles of
SCHOOL classical criminology and should deal with crime by
concentrating on the administration of justice and
the punishment of offenders (Empey, Stafford & Hay,
1999:418).
is theory (associated primarily with Marcus Felson)
which suggests that for crime to occur three factors
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES
must be present, namely a motivated offender; a
THEORY
suitable victim; and the absence of capable
guardians (Newburn, 2007:952).
is a theory which emphasises the importance of
rationality in human action, even if this is limited
RATIONAL CHOICE
(bounded). It emphasises the
THEORY
decision-making processes involved in the choices
made by offenders (Newburn, 2007:95).
is when an individual is bound to society only by his
or her
SOCIAL CONTRACT
own consent, and society is therefore responsible to
him or her (Hunter & Dantzker,2002:29).
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. A fundamental concentration on the criminal law
and the legal definition of crime.
Burke (2005:28±29) . The central concept that the punishment should fit
identifies the following the crime rather than the offender.
central attributes of the . The doctrine of free will, according to which all
classical and neoclassical people are free to choose their actions. From this
schools, which laid down perspective, it is assumed that there is nothing
the foundations of the ''different'' or ''special'' about offenders that
rational actor model: differentiate them from other people.
. The use of non-scientific methodology coupled
with a lack of empirical research.
= a person is still accountable for his or her actions,
but with certain minor reservations
= it is acknowledged that the offender's past history
and present situation both influence the likelihood
of reform
= sane adults were still considered fully responsible
for their actions, and all equally capable of either
criminal or law-abiding behaviour.
= that children (and in some circumstances the
elderly) were less capable of exercising free choice
and were therefore less responsible for their actions
= insane and ``feeble-minded'' might be even less
neoclassicists,
responsible
= admitted into the courts for the first time non-legal
"experts''
including doctors, psychiatrists and, later, social
workers.
= purpose of this intervention was to determine the
extent to which offenders were responsible for their
actions.
= outcome was that sentences became more
individualised, depending on the perceived degree
of responsibility on the part of the offender and on
whether there were mitigating circumstances
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= The availability of suitable targets in the form of a
elements that increase or
person or property,
decrease the likelihood
= The absence of capable guardians, such as police,
that persons will be
homeowners, neighbours,
victims
friends, and relatives.
of personal (direct
= The presence of motivated offenders, such as
contact) or property
young males, drug users and
crime are:
unemployed adults.
(+) Value: calculated from the subjective rational
perspective of the offender,
what is the target worth?
(+) Inertia: the extent to which the article or target
Suitability of target is
can be realistically removed,
dependent on 4 criteria,
taken, robbed or moved
VIVA
(+) Visibility: how visible the target is to the
offender?
(+) Accessibility: how easy it is to gain access to the
target?
= increased surveillance (informal supervision);
Felson suggests that = limiting pedestrian access to
managers and city certain streets;
planners can implement a = keeping schools visible from buildings where there
variety of strategies in are adults;
order to prevent crime. = encouraging the presence of resident caretakers
in schools.
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