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NR 507 (Advanced Pathophysiology) MIDTERM EXAM STUDY QUESTIONS CORRECTLY ANSWERED.
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NR 507 (Advanced Pathophysiology) MIDTERM EXAM STUDY QUESTIONS CORRECTLY ANSWERED.
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NR 507 (Advanced Pathophysiology)MIDTERM EXAM STUDY QUESTIONS
CORRECTLY ANSWERED.
Where is most of the solute reabsorbed?
✔✔proximal convoluted tubule
What effects amount of water and solute reabsorption
✔✔ADH and aldosterone
secretion (kidney)
✔✔movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere besides bowman's
capsule
able to secrete salts, acids, bases and urea directly into the tubule via
*active or passive transport*
what is secreted into the tubule depends on what the body needs at that
time
ex. eating a lot of protein
nitrogen waste is a product of protein metabolism (ammonia)
liver converts ammonia to urea and the kidneys secreted urea into the
tubule for secretion
,also possible to eliminate products that are in excess in the blood
-- potassium, hydrogen, metabolites or medications
can secrete things that were too larger to fit through the glomerulus's pore
filtration (kidney)
✔✔movement of solutes from blood to filtrate at bowman's capsule
20% of the blood that goes through the glomerulus is passed as filtrate into
the bowman's capsule
depends on the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures/ starling forces between
the glomerulus and bowman's capsule
hydrostatic pressure: a lot higher in the glomerulus (move into the
nephron/bowman's capsule)
oncotic pressure: higher in the blood/glomerulus than in the bowman's
capsule (move into the blood/glomerulus)
hydrostatic pressure is greater so there will be movement into bowman's
capsule
usually favors the filtrate to go into the bowman's capsule
,each persons full body is filtered about every 40 minutes
Conditions associated with renal failure
✔✔- congenital abnormalities in the urethral tract development
- kidney and bladder cancer
- infections
- glomerulonephritis
- acute/ tubular necrosis
- AKI
vesicoureteral reflux
✔✔Abnormal ureter-bladder connection allowing retrograde flow of urine
from bladder to ureters and/or kidneys
renal agenesis
✔✔unilatral or bilateral failure of the kidneys to develop in utero
Potter syndrome
✔✔Syndrome characterized by bilateral renal agenesis and incompatibility
of live birth
Wilms tumor
✔✔- Embryonal kidney tumor associated with defective tumor (WT) genes
- Tumors are typically not clinically diagnosable until age 1-5 even though
they are present at birth
, polycystic kidney disease
✔✔- Mutant PKD genes cause fluid accumulation in kidney tubules "cysts"
- The cysts can be the size of grapes or oranges and compress and destroy
nephrons
Why are kidneys and bladders at high risk for cancer
✔✔- UT is the route of excretion for many toxins and contains highly mitotic
cells
Descending infection
✔✔The blood can carry bacteria from a focus of infection in another part of
the body to the kidneys. The bacteria then pass with the urine down the
ureters to the bladder.
Ascending infection
✔✔- urethra to bladder, and then to kidney
- due to: bacteria from residual fecal contamination
glomerulonephritis
✔✔inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney
tubular necrosis
✔✔the renal tubules cells are highly sensitive to low oxygen levels or
presence of toxins and leads to tubular necrosis
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