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NUR 2063 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) PATHO FINAL EXAM | GRADED A+ QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
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NUR 2063 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) PATHO FINAL EXAM | GRADED A+ QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
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NUR 2063 Patho Final Exam1. flight or fight response
Answer
Biological reaction to alarming stressors that musters the body's resources (for example, blood
flow and respiration) to resist or flee a threat and protect vital organs
2. Hormones released in response to stress
Answer
Cortisol, catecholamines (epineph- rine, norepinephrine, dopamine)
3. GAS (general adaptation syndrome)
Answer
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance,
exhaustion.
4. Homeostasis
Answer
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of
body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
5. Glucagon
Answer
A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an
antagonistic hormone to insulin.
6. Main function of the endocrine system
Answer
Regulates all biological processes in the body. Metabolism, growth and development, sexual
function and reproduction, heart rate, blood pressure, appetite, sleeping and waking cycles
7. Function of plasma proteins
Answer
Help to maintain fluid balance, transport various substances in the blood, play a crucial role in
,the immune system and are involved in blood clotting
8. intracellular contains high (electrolyte)
Answer
-
Potassium
9. Hyponatremia
Answer
deficient sodium in the blood (less than 135)
10. Causes of Hyponatremia
Answer
Excessive H2O intake, renal failure, addisons dis- ease,
11. Signs and Symptoms of Hyponatremia
Answer
lethargy, weakness, headache, mus- cle cramps, diminished tendon reflexes, poor skin turgor,
tachycardia, increased urine output
12. Hypovolemia
Answer
Decreased blood volume. Fluid deficit of the intravascular com- partment.
S/S
AMS, hypotension, tachycardia, weak/thready pulse, oliguria, excess thirst, dry mouth and skin
13. Hypovolemia causes
Answer
Vomiting, DM, fever, heat exposure, exercise, no water access, significant injury to skin, excess
diuretics
14. What stores electrolytes?
,Answer
The Kidneys
15. Contraindication
Answer
a factor in the patient's condition that makes the use of a medication or specific treatment
dangerous or ill advised
16. Normal sodium range
Answer
135-145 mEq/L
17. Fluid volume overload
Answer
- Hypervolemia-excess fluid in intracellular fluid, inter- stitial, and intravascular spaces.
- Risk factors
renal failure, heart failure, cirrhosis, excessive sodium intake, exces- sive administration of IV
fluids, corticosteroids
18. S/S of fluid volume overload
Answer
rapid/bounding pulse, distended neck veins, HTN, cough, SOB, crackles, HA, restlessness,
peripheral or pitting edema
19. insensible water loss
Answer
the loss of water not noticeable by a person, such as through evaporation from the skin and
exhalation from the lungs during breathing
20. Hypotonic solutions
, Answer
Intravascular solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than that found in the
intravascular compartment.
21. Hypertonic solutions
Answer
intravascular solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than those in the intravascular
compartment
22. Isotonic solutions
Answer
and intravascular solution that has concentrations of solutes equal to those in the intravascular
solution
23. Osmosis
Answer
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from area of low solute
concentration to an area of high solute concentration
24. Diffusion
Answer
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
25. An increase in sodium and osmolality is associated with what?
Answer
A deficien- cy in water
26. acid-base balance
Answer
Lungs (respiratory) excrete/expel carbon dioxide through expiration to prevent an increase in
the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
Kidneys (metabolic) excrete/eliminate hydrogen ions through urination and generate bicarb to
maintain blood pH
27. Manifestations of metabolic acidosis
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