NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Final Exam
1. Explain primary prevention
Answer
Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people
2. Explain secondary prevention
Answer
"Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease early
before it spreads
3. Explain tertiary prevention
Answer
"Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the person has
the condition
4. What are examples of primary prevention?
Answer
Vaccinations and Handwashing
5. What are examples of secondary prevention?
Answer
PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
6. What are examples of tertiary prevention?
Answer
Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent
pressure ulcer
7. What happens to the body during the sympathetic phase of the flight or fight response?
Answer
Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased
respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
,8. What happens to the body during the parasympathetic phase of the flight or light response?
Answer
Rest and Digest. Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR,
bronchoconstriction,decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action
9. Explain the role of the nucleus
Answer
control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are stored, produces mRNA to help build body
proteins
10. Explain the role of the mitochondria
Answer
Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP, and has its own set of DNA
11. Explain the role of the ribosome
Answer
produces RNA to produce proteins through transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into
a protein
12. Explain the role of the lysosomes
Answer
helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles, or tissues
13. Explain the role of the rough ER
Answer
folded membranes that move proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps
produce proteins for the cell membrane
14. Explain the role of the smooth ER
Answer
helps the Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of hormones, and
calcium storage
15. Explain the role of the peroxisome
,Answer
membrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful chemicals, breakdown
hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes
16. Explain the role of the Golgi body
Answer
stacked membranes that act as the sorter and packager for proteins from the ER. Helps move
things in and out of cell
17. Explain passive immunity
Answer
the transfer of preformed antibodies against specific antigens from a protected or immunized
individual to an unprotected or non immunized person. Provides immediate and short term
protection. No memory cells are produced. IgA and IgE. Passes protection
18. What are examples of passive immunity?
Answer
mom to fetus through placenta or mom to infant through breast milk. Serotherapy
19. Explain active immunity
Answer
a protective state owing to the immune system response as a result of active infection or
immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the body has to fight it to have long term
immunity
20. What are examples of active immunity?
Answer
Vaccinations
21. Explain what edema is
Answer
accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Leads to tissue swelling
22. What are some causes of edema?
, Answer
increase in the forces that move fluid from capillaries to interstitial compartments or decrease in
the opposite.
23. What are factors that contribute to edema?
Answer
Increase in hydrostatic forces in the capillaries that increases the blood volume, increased
capillary permeability, CHF, HYPTN, decrease in plasma proteins like albumin (causes liver to
hold onto more water- ascites, cirrhosis), blockage of lymph drainage
24. What is a hypersensitivity?
Answer
an overreaction to antigens or allergens that is beyond the normal range, leading to damage
25. What is a type 1 hypersensitivity?
Answer
anaphylactic. Occurs within 2-30mins of exposure. Can be systemic or localized. Binds to IgE
and mast cells that release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins to create inflammation
26. Mediating Factor for type 1 hypersensitivity
Answer
IgE
27. Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity
Answer
allergic reaction to dust. someone eats peanuts and breaks out in hives and runny nose
28. How do we treat type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?
Answer
antihistamines to block histamine, beta adrenergics to bronchodilator , corticosteroids, to
decrease inflam- mation. IgE therapy, epinephrine given during anaphylaxis through IV or
through IM in epipens
29. What are signs and symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?
Answer
