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PCC 201 Exam 1 Questions and Solutions What is the difference between a toxin and a toxicant? A toxicant is a substance that causes adverse effects in a plant, animal, or human by impairing vital metabolic functions. A toxin is a type of toxicant that is produced by a living organism. acut...

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PCC 201 Exam 1 Questions and
Solutions
What is the difference between a toxin and a toxicant? - answer A toxicant is a
substance that causes adverse effects in a plant, animal, or human by impairing vital
metabolic functions. A toxin is a type of toxicant that is produced by a living organism.

acute toxicity - answer adverse effect seen soon after a one-time exposure to a
chemical

chronic toxicity - answer results from long term exposure to a lower dose of a
chemical or an adverse effect that happens long after an exposure has ended

local effects - answer when exposed to a substance, the effects are experience at
the point of contact with the skin, eyes, lungs, or GI tract

systemic effects - answer effects that are experienced on the whole after being
absorbed into the body

What is meant by the value LD50? - answer LD50 is the dose killing 50% of the
animals exposed to it

additive - answer chemicals in mixture exert effects in a similar manner, the
chemicals do not interact, but the effect is added

synergism - answer combined effect is much greater, could be exponential

antagonism - answer one chemical interferes with the action of another, it acts as an
antidote

Explain what happens to a chemical after it enters the body. (ADME) - answer o
Absorption - absorbed into the bloodstream
o Distribution - distributed throughout the body
o Metabolism - metabolized by the body tissues and organs into different chemicals
o Excretion - exerted from the body

What are the four main routes of entry or exposure to chemicals. - answer injection,
inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption

What are two factors affecting toxicity? - answer Gender, age, nutrition

Explain the relationship between risk, hazard, and exposure. - answer Hazard +
Exposure = Risk

, risk - answer the chance of harmful effects to human health or to ecological systems
resulting from exposure to an environmental stressor

hazard - answer a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or
environment

risk assessment - answer provides information on potential health or ecological risks

risk management - answer the action taken based on the consideration of that and
other information

factors affecting risk management - answer scientific, economic, social, political,
legal

Discuss the 4 Step Risk Assessment Process used by the EPA. - answer 1) Hazard
Identification - to identify the types of adverse health effects that can be caused by
exposure to some agent in question, and to characterize the quality and weight of
evidence supporting this identification
2) Dose-Response Relationship - to document the relationship between dose and toxic
effect
3) Exposure Assessment - to calculate a numerical estimate of exposure or dose
4) Risk Characterization - to summarize and integrate information from the preceding
steps of the risk assessment to synthesize an overall conclusion about risk

List the three factors in an epidemiological study. - answer host, environment, agent

What difficulties are there in conducting epidemiological studies? - answer
confounding factors, exposure, community studies

What is a safety or uncertainty factor? - answer The highest dose that animals
tolerate without showing ill effects, or the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL)
times 10

Give at least four examples of each of the following: administrative controls, engineering
controls and personal protection. - answer o Administrative Controls: rules, policies,
resource allocation, training
o Engineering Controls: design of facilities, processes, ventilation, fire alarms
Personal Protection: safety glasses, aprons, gloves, breathing apparatus

Discuss the benefits and problems with administrative controls (regulations) designed to
minimize hazards in the environment. - answer o May bring difficult risk/ benefit
questions to a decisive point of closure
o May take years/ decades of review/ discussion/ risk assessment
o May be tightened/relaxed over time

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