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Evolution Final Exam Study Guide Solutions
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Evolution Final Exam Study Guide Solutions Define biological evolution - ANSWER-any change in the inherited traits of a population that occurs from one generation to the next describe the different types of evidence that support the hypothesis that whales evolved from terrestrial vertebrates -...

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  • October 28, 2024
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©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024




Evolution Final Exam Study Guide

Solutions


Define biological evolution - ANSWER✔✔-any change in the inherited traits of a population that occurs

from one generation to the next


describe the different types of evidence that support the hypothesis that whales evolved from terrestrial

vertebrates - ANSWER✔✔-lungs, placenta, live birth, drink milk produced by mothers, three middle ear

bones, hair (in developing embryo)


synapomorphies


what are the closest living terrestrial relatives of whales? how do we know this? - ANSWER✔✔-

artiodactyls and hippos; in 1990s scientists began comparing DNA and found that whales and hippos

share a more recent common ancestor with each other than with other species of land mammals


why do mutations occur? are they always beneficial? what types of effects do they have when they occur

in virus genomes? - ANSWER✔✔-mutations occur because the cellular machinery that replicates DNA is

not perfect and occasionally makes errors


mutations may be harmful or beneficial



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viruses may be less likely to be recognized by the immune system or more effective at viral replication

within the host, leads to higher reproduction, dominates the population in subsequent generations


how can evolutionary biology help us understand and control a viral outbreak (pandemic)? -

ANSWER✔✔-evolutionary biology can help us understand the genetic sequence of a virus to know

where a virus originates, how long vaccines with provide protection, how public health policies are best

utilized, when a pandemic will end, and how we can prevent future pandemics


natural selection - ANSWER✔✔-a mechanism that can lead to evolution, whereby differential survival

and reproduction of individuals cause some genetic types to replace others


what is the difference between proximate and ultimate causation? provide examples of each -

ANSWER✔✔-proximate explanations focus on a mechanistic understanding of how something

happened; male sticklebacks show aggression towards red belly (sign stimulus) of intruding male


ultimate explanations focus on historical perspectives of how something came to be; male sticklebacks

chase away others to decrease the chance eggs in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male


describe the hypothetico-deductive method. explain the potential outcomes - ANSWER✔✔-scientific

inquiry proceeds by formulating a hypothesis that can be falsifiable, using a test on observable data

where the outcome is not yet known; reject hypothesis, modify hypothesis, provisionally accept

hypothesis




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define the terms hypothesis, fact, and theory (as used by scientists) - ANSWER✔✔-hypothesis: informed

conjecture or statement of what might be true


fact: hypothesis that has acquired so much supporting evidence that we act as if it is true


scientific theory: a comprehensive, coherent body of interconnected statements, based on reasoning

and evidence, that explain some aspect of nature


what is the difference between how scientists use the word theory and how it is used in everyday

language? - ANSWER✔✔-a scientific theory has been proven


in everyday language, a theory refers to something that is more like a scientific hypothesis, and has not

been proven but is only an idea


carolus linnaeus - ANSWER✔✔-father of modern taxonomy; organized living things into a nested

hierarchy of taxa


nicolas steno - ANSWER✔✔-recognized that fossils were once living things; stratigraphy


george cuvier - ANSWER✔✔-compared elephant fossils to skeletons of living elephants from African and

India which helped establish that many fossils were remains of extinct species


mary anning - ANSWER✔✔-discovered several species of extinct marine mammals




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james hutton - ANSWER✔✔-realized that rocks formed through imperceptibly slow changes; observable

processes produce small changes that accumulate over time; earth must be old


william smith - ANSWER✔✔-noticed that different rock layers contain distinct fossils


george buffon - ANSWER✔✔-proposed that earth had formed according to the laws of physics over more

than 70,000 years; each species had a supply of organic particles


jean-baptiste lamarck - ANSWER✔✔-believed traits acquired in a lifetime were passed to offspring and

that simple organisms always evolved to more complex organisms


charles darwin - ANSWER✔✔-unofficial naturalist on HMS Beagle, published Origin of the Species, first

to propose a correct mechanism for how life changed over time; descent with modification, natural

selection


alfred russel wallace - ANSWER✔✔-had similar ideas to charles darwin about evolution and natural

selection;


charles lyell - ANSWER✔✔-earth's landscapes had been created by many small changes, not gigantic

catastrophes


what is the Great Chain of Being? why did scientists stop using it to categorize the natural world? -

ANSWER✔✔-origin in ancient Greek philosophy; species are arranged on a scale from lower to higher




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