MBG 2040 midterm with 100%
correct answers 2025
why study genetics? - answer -genetics play a critical role in
understanding disease(cancer)
-genetics improves agriculture practices
-genetics used biotech industry for drug design, development, &
production
gene - answer a genetic factor (region of dna) that helps determine a
characteristic
what are the different forms of genes called? - answer alleles
where is genetic info carried? - answer DNA
where are genes located? - answer chromosomes
how is genetic info transferred? - answer from DNA to RNA to protein
Locus - answer specific location on a chromosome occupied by an allele
genotype - answer set of alleles possessed by an individual organism
heterozygote - answer an individual that posses 2 diff alleles at a locus
homozygous - answer an individual that posses 2 of the same allele at a
locus
phenotype - answer the appearance or manifestation of a characteristic
,who discovered the basic principles of heredity? - answer Gregor Mendel
monohybrid cross - answer A cross between individuals that involves one
pair of contrasting traits ( crossing 2 homozygous)
If an F1 plant(Rr) is back crossed to the parent with round seeds(RR) what
proportion of the progeny will have wrinkled seeds(rr) - answer None
(draw punnet square)
dihybrid crosses - answer contains 2 individuals with 2 genes with 2
different alleles ie GGWW x ggww
what is the approx ratio of dihybrid cross - answer 9:3:3:1
pedigree symbols - answer Squares are male. Circles are females. Shaded
means you have disease.
what do recessive mutations often result in? - answer loss of gene
function
what are Null/amorphic alleles? - answer - a non functional protein is
produced OR
-no protein is produced
what are hypomorphic alleles? - answer A poorly functioning protein is
produced OR reduced amounts of a normally functioning protein is
produced
how are autosomal dominant traits displayed? - answer bb normal
Bb affected heterozygote
BB affected homozygote
eg Huntington disease
, what do dominant mutations often result in? - answer gain/change of
gene function
dominant hypermorphic alleles - answer (1) Negative phenotypic
consequences due to the over-production of a normal protein OR
(2) negative phenotypic consequences due to the production of a protein
with increased activity levels.
neomorphic alleles (dominant-negative allele) - answer negative
phenotypic consequences due to the presence of an altered protein that
has a new function or when the altered protein interferes w/the wildtype
protein
If the trait is rare and dominant, then affected individuals are usually... -
answer heterozygous
complete dominance and complete excessiveness - answer -extremes of
a range
phenotype BB=Bb different from bb
incomplete dominance - answer BB, Bb, and bb all differ phenotypically:
Bb is intermediate between phenotypes
ie flower color (red, pink, white)
Codominance - answer BB, Bb and bb all differ phenotypically, but Bb
exhibits phenotypes of both homozygotes
ie blood type
what is an allelic series/ dominance series - answer describes the
dominance hierarchy of multiple alleles
ie determining cats fur color uses this
what is a null allele - answer nonfunctional
correct answers 2025
why study genetics? - answer -genetics play a critical role in
understanding disease(cancer)
-genetics improves agriculture practices
-genetics used biotech industry for drug design, development, &
production
gene - answer a genetic factor (region of dna) that helps determine a
characteristic
what are the different forms of genes called? - answer alleles
where is genetic info carried? - answer DNA
where are genes located? - answer chromosomes
how is genetic info transferred? - answer from DNA to RNA to protein
Locus - answer specific location on a chromosome occupied by an allele
genotype - answer set of alleles possessed by an individual organism
heterozygote - answer an individual that posses 2 diff alleles at a locus
homozygous - answer an individual that posses 2 of the same allele at a
locus
phenotype - answer the appearance or manifestation of a characteristic
,who discovered the basic principles of heredity? - answer Gregor Mendel
monohybrid cross - answer A cross between individuals that involves one
pair of contrasting traits ( crossing 2 homozygous)
If an F1 plant(Rr) is back crossed to the parent with round seeds(RR) what
proportion of the progeny will have wrinkled seeds(rr) - answer None
(draw punnet square)
dihybrid crosses - answer contains 2 individuals with 2 genes with 2
different alleles ie GGWW x ggww
what is the approx ratio of dihybrid cross - answer 9:3:3:1
pedigree symbols - answer Squares are male. Circles are females. Shaded
means you have disease.
what do recessive mutations often result in? - answer loss of gene
function
what are Null/amorphic alleles? - answer - a non functional protein is
produced OR
-no protein is produced
what are hypomorphic alleles? - answer A poorly functioning protein is
produced OR reduced amounts of a normally functioning protein is
produced
how are autosomal dominant traits displayed? - answer bb normal
Bb affected heterozygote
BB affected homozygote
eg Huntington disease
, what do dominant mutations often result in? - answer gain/change of
gene function
dominant hypermorphic alleles - answer (1) Negative phenotypic
consequences due to the over-production of a normal protein OR
(2) negative phenotypic consequences due to the production of a protein
with increased activity levels.
neomorphic alleles (dominant-negative allele) - answer negative
phenotypic consequences due to the presence of an altered protein that
has a new function or when the altered protein interferes w/the wildtype
protein
If the trait is rare and dominant, then affected individuals are usually... -
answer heterozygous
complete dominance and complete excessiveness - answer -extremes of
a range
phenotype BB=Bb different from bb
incomplete dominance - answer BB, Bb, and bb all differ phenotypically:
Bb is intermediate between phenotypes
ie flower color (red, pink, white)
Codominance - answer BB, Bb and bb all differ phenotypically, but Bb
exhibits phenotypes of both homozygotes
ie blood type
what is an allelic series/ dominance series - answer describes the
dominance hierarchy of multiple alleles
ie determining cats fur color uses this
what is a null allele - answer nonfunctional
