Pharmacology for Nurses. A
Pathophysiologic Approach Adams - Holland
- Urban (Unit 1) Exam Study Guide.
Pharmacology - answer✔Study of medicine; how drugs are administered; where drugs travel in
the body,
Response that drugs produce.
drug - answer✔A chemical substance that is taken to cause changes in a person's
body or behavior
medication - answer✔A substance that is used to treat or prevent disease or relieve pain.
biologics - answer✔agents naturally produced in animal cells, in microorganisms, or by the body
itself
Mechanism of Action - answer✔how a drug produces its physiological effect in the body
Bioavailability - answer✔the extent to which the body can absorb and use a nutrient
Therapeutic classification of drugs: - answer✔Based on what the drug does clinically
Pharmacologic Classification - answer✔Based on the drug's mechanism of action, or how the
drug produces its effect
Most Drugs have three names - answer✔Chemical, Generic, Trade (CHEMICAL: (1/2)-2-(p-
isobutylphenyl) propionic acid; GENERIC: ibuprofen; TRADE: Motrin)
Generic vs. Trade-Name Drugs - answer✔Trade name drugs with exclusive rights cost more.
When rights end, competing companies offer generic form cheaper
prescription drugs - answer✔Drugs legally available only with a physician's order.
Over the counter drugs (OTC) - answer✔can be purchased without a prescription
Black Box Warnings - answer✔One of the primary alerts for identifying
extreme adverse drug reactions discovered
during and after the review
process; 1997 FDA created "Black Box Warnings"
Contraindications - answer✔factors that prevent the use of a drug or treatment
why should healthcare professionals be concerned about patients taking herbal medicines? -
answer✔patients could be putting themselves at risk, potential herb-drug interactions
U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) - answer✔1820; 1st comprehensive publication formulary used in the
U.S.; drug purity, strength, and directions for synthesis.
USP and National Formulary (NF) - answer✔1852-1975, two drug standards in the US by the
American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA). 1. USP - all drug products. 2. National
Formulary (NF) - pharmaceutical ingredients.
U.S. Pharacopoeia -National Formulary (USP-NF) - answer✔1975 merged into a single
publication
Biologic Control Act - answer✔1902 standardized serum and blood-related products
Pure Food and Drug Act - answer✔1906 - Established government control (FDA) for labeling
medicines
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938) and amendments - answer✔1938- Thorough testing of
drug; Proof of safety and efficacy of drug
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, 1994 - answer✔1994-Controls misleading
industry claims
Four Stages of Approval for Therapeutic and Biologic Drugs - answer✔1. Preclinical
investigation (1-3 years, average 18months)
2. Clinical investigation (2-10 years; average 5 years)
3. Review of new drug application (NDA) (2 months -7 years, average 24 months)
4. Postmarketing surveillance (adverse reaction reporting; surveys/sampling/testing; inspections)
Addiction - answer✔The overwhelming feeling that drives someone to use a drug repeated
Dependence - answer✔A physiological or psychological need for a substance
Physical dependence - answer✔An altered physical condition caused by the adaptation of the
nervous system to repeated drug use.
Psychological dependence - answer✔Few signs of physical discomfort when drug is withdrawn,
but intense compelling desire to continue drug use
Controlled Substances - answer✔Are restricted by the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. Have
a high potential for addiction or dependence. Have restricted use.
Are placed into one of five schedules:
Schedule I drugs have the highest abuse potential,
Schedule V the lowest
Teratogenic Drug Classification - answer✔Five categories of risk that a drug poses to
a fetus in the case of a pregnant woman
taking the drug. A, B, C, D, and X; Class A is the safest, while X poses the most danger to the
fetus.
Allergic Reactions - answer✔a condition caused by an overreaction of the body's immune system
Five Rights of Drug Administration - answer✔1. Right patient
2. Right medication
3. Right dose
4. Right route of administration
5. Right time of delivery
Right documentation
Three Checks of Drug Administration - answer✔1. Checking drug with MAR (medical
administration record) or medication information system when removing it from storage
2. Checking drug when preparing it
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