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Summary The Economics of European Integration - Economics of European Integration (EC2IEEI) (EC2IEEI) $11.80
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Summary The Economics of European Integration - Economics of European Integration (EC2IEEI) (EC2IEEI)
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  • Vak
  • Economics of European Integration (EC2IEEI)
  • Instelling
  • Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
  • Boek
  • The Economics of European Integration 6/e

summary of ALL chapters needed for the exam (1-16) with all diagram explained and added background information and written in understandable language also includes lecture notes worked into the summaries for ALL lectures

Voorbeeld 4 van de 84  pagina's

Document informatie

  • Ja
  • 29 oktober 2024
  • 84
  • 2024/2025
  • Samenvatting

Onderwerpen

  • economic integration
  • customs union
  • free trade area
  • economic union
  • political union
  • single market
  • trade creation
  • trade diversion
  • european union
  • lib
  • economic and monetary union
  • common agricultural policy

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Geschreven voor

  • Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
  • Minor Economics
  • Economics of European Integration (EC2IEEI)
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jairaligtenberg

Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Chapter 4: Essential microeconomics of european integration
Preliminaries I: supply and demand diagrams
Positive analysis: price and quantity effects
Normative analysis: welfare effects


Example: cups of coffee - demand
Marginal utility curve shows how much extra joy a consumer gets from having one more cup
starting from any given number of cups already consumed
1. Buys very few cups of coffee today (c') → gain from buying an extra one is higher (mu’)
already bought lots of cups already (c’’) → gain from one more is lower (mu")
→ So the price should be lowered to convince the consumer to buy another




Allows us to work out how much the consumer would buy at any given price
- Buy up to the point where the last one bought is just worth the price (c*)
- At pm no one buys coffee (too expensive)


For supply curves, this optimisation is done by firms (see right graph)
Marginal = cost of one more unit of the good
- Marginal cost of production often declines with scale of productive
- The firm will supply goods up to MC = P under perfect competition
- Optimum at p* → q*


Welfare analysis: consumer and producer surplus
Consumers buy up to the point where the marginal utility = P
Consumer surplus = difference of willingness to pay for a good and the price that consumers
actually pay for it
- Increases as the price of a good falls and decreases as the price of a good rises
- Area under the demand curve up to P

,Producer surplus = total amount that a producer benefits from producing and selling a quantity of
a good at the market price
- TR - MC = producer surplus


P↑ ↑ producer surplus ↓ consumer surplus
P↓ ↓ producer surplus ↑ consumer surplus




Preliminaries II: introduction to open-economy supply and demand analysis
Import demand curve




Surplus → demand < supply
Shortage → demand > supply


Import supply curve = a reflection of how much it costs foreigners to supply the goods
- If imports of the good were banned: normal market equilibrium at P*
- Import demand is zero at P*
- At P' → shortage → P’ becomes domestic price and imports are required
- Consumption demand = C' domestic supply = Z'
- Import M' = C' - Z'

,The level of imports that corresponds to P' (line drawn across) = M’ (point 3)
- Doing the same for every import price →
Import demand curve (MDH) = amount of imports that the nation wants at any given
domestic price → curve


Welfare analysis
To what extent to which a policy raises or lowers a nation's wellbeing (measured through money)?
Eg. Consider increase in import price from p' to p"




At P* import = 0 and export = 0
At P” supply = Z” demand = C” Z” - C” = line C
At P’ supply = Z’ demand = C’ Z’ - C’ = line C + B + D (B + D = E)


Welfare = utility gained through the achievement of material goods and services
Import price and domestic price must change equally to ‘make up’ for the ‘loss’
Higher import price → domestic price rises by the same amount




Price increase → decreases consumer surplus by A + B + C + D (LEFT)
(area under demand curve to P)
→ increases producer surplus by A (LEFT)
(area above supply curve to P)
Import price increase → net loss to the country of B + C + D (LEFT)
(A cancels out → gain for producers / loss for consumers)
Net loss →C+E (E = B + D) (RIGHT)

, Trade volume effects & border price effects
- MDH curve shows marginal benefit of imports to home
Home loses areas C and E when the price of imports rises from p' to p"
- Price increase → home pays more for the units it imported at the old price
- Border price effect = area C
Eg. price increase was €1.2 per unit and M" was 100 → loss = €1.2 x 100
Home reduces its imports at the new price
- Import volume effect = area E = how much home loses from the drop in imports
- Marginal value of the first lost unit = height of the MDH curve at M"
- But since home had to pay p' for this unit → net loss = gap between P and the MDH curve
- If we add up the gaps for all the extra units imported, we get the area E


Why does MDH show the marginal benefit of imports to home:
1. MDH curve: difference between domestic demand and domestic supply
2. Domestic supply (= domestic MC) + domestic demand = domestic MU curve
3. Domestic MU - domestic MC = nation’s net gain of producing and consuming one more unit
4. An extra unit of import → higher consumption & lower domestic production → higher utility
and lower costs (shown in the MDH curve


Nations import up to the point where the marginal gain from doing so = MC
- Border price = MC → so border price is an indication of the marginal benefit of imports


Border price + T = domestic price
- Increase in price → less demand
- Increase in tariff doesn’t lead to same increase domestic price → border price decreases
(export less)

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