SPCE 630 Final Exam with 100% correct
answers
strongest threats to internal validity for withdrawal/reversal designs
include all of the following except - CORRECT ANSWER history
the primary ethical concern associated with withdrawal designs is -
CORRECT ANSWER removing a successful intervent...
strongest threats to internal validity for withdrawal/reversal designs
include all of the following except - CORRECT ANSWER history
the primary ethical concern associated with withdrawal designs is -
CORRECT ANSWER removing a successful intervention
external validity of an ABAB design can be improved by - CORRECT
ANSWER having at least 3 participants
unlike withdrawal designs, reversal designs involve - CORRECT
ANSWER a second intervention phase
which is the most powerful within-subject design? - CORRECT ANSWER
ABAB
in withdrawal designs, when is procedural infidelity most likely to
occur? - CORRECT ANSWER immediately after condition changes
when using "ABC Notation," the B stands for - CORRECT ANSWER
intervention 1
which of the following is NOT a limitation of an AB design (intervention
is not withdrawn, lack of control for internal validity, lack of control for
external validity, cannot determine functional relationships) - CORRECT
ANSWER intervention is not withdrawn
what can researchers do to help avoid attrition in withdrawal designs?
- CORRECT ANSWER disclose and describe the withdrawal condition
during the consent process
the withdrawal design is not particularly sensitive to which threats to
internal validity?
,a) history, maturation, data instability
b) procedural infidelity, attrition, maturation
c) carryover effects, hawthorne effect, irreversibility of behaviors
d) testing, procedural infidelity, data instability - CORRECT ANSWER d
history - CORRECT ANSWER refers to events that occur during an
experiment, but are not related to planned procedural changes that
may influence the outcome
maturation - CORRECT ANSWER changes in behavior due to passage of
time
testing - CORRECT ANSWER threat in any study that requires
participants to respond to the same test repeatedly
facilitative effect - CORRECT ANSWER an improvement in performance
over successive baseline or probe testing or observation sessions
inhibitive effect - CORRECT ANSWER a deterioration in performance
over successive baseline or probe testing or observation sessions
multiple-treatment interference - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when a
study participant's behavior is influenced by more than one planned
"treatments" or interventions during the course of a study
sequential confounding - CORRECT ANSWER when the order in which
experimental conditions are introduced to participants influences their
behavior
carryover effect - CORRECT ANSWER the effect when a procedure
used in one experimental condition influences behavior in an adjacent
condition
instability - CORRECT ANSWER the amount of variability in the data
over time
,cyclical veriability - CORRECT ANSWER a specific type of data
instability that refers to a repeated and predictable pattern in the data
series over time
variability - CORRECT ANSWER also referred to as data instability
regression to the mean - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the likelihood
that following an outlying data point, data are likely to revert back to
levels closer to the average value
instrumentation threats - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the concerns of
the measurement system
procedural infidelity - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the lack of
adherence to condition protocols by study implementers
selection bias - CORRECT ANSWER involves choosing participants in a
way that differentially impacts the inclusion or retention of
participants in a study, when compared to the population of interest
attrition - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the loss of participants during
the course of a study
attrition bias - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the likelihood that
participant loss impacts the outcome of the study
sampling bias - CORRECT ANSWER occurs in SCD studies when
researchers use additional, non-explicated reasons for including or
excluding potential participants
visual analysis of graphed data - CORRECT ANSWER is the cornerstone
of and most frequently used data analysis method in SCD research,
particularly for determining whether a study demonstrates
experimental control.
involves systematic procedures used to evaluate specific
characteristics of data patterns and evaluate the presence of a
functional relation.
, advantages of visual analysis - CORRECT ANSWER -can be used to
evaluate data of individuals or small groups depending on the unit of
analysis specified in the research question.
-data are collected repeatedly, graphed as they are collected, and
analyzed frequently
-focuses on analysis of individual data patterns
-discovery of potentially interesting findings that may not be directly
related to the original research question or program objective.
-graphic presentation of data permits independent analysis and
interpretation of results
formative visual analysis - CORRECT ANSWER conducted within and
across conditions to identify behavior change during the course of a
study.
behavior change - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when data patterns in
one condition are different from data patterns in the subsequent,
adjacent condition for the same variable(s).
summative visual analysis - CORRECT ANSWER conducted following
study completion, across multiple opportunities to demonstrate
behavior change to determine whether a functional relation exists
between the independent variable and the dependent variable.
adjacent conditions - CORRECT ANSWER in SCD research, data
patterns are examined within and across adjacent conditions; when
data in one condition differ from what is predicted based on the
preceding condition, behavior change is demonstrated.
formative analysis is conducted in two steps - CORRECT ANSWER 1.
within and across adjacent condition analyses
2. systematic examination of specific data characteristics
within condition visual analyses - CORRECT ANSWER are conducted to
discern patterns within a single condition during a study. within
condition visual analyses of level, trend, and variability/stability are
critical for determining when to change conditions, deciding whether
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