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PSYC-2740 Midterm Review Questions And Answers Latest Update
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Solution 2024/2025Pepper
PSYC-2740 Midterm Review Questions And
Answers Latest Update
Trait-Descriptive Adjectives (TDA) ANS✔✔ words that describe traits, the
attributes of a person that are reasonably characteristic of the individual
and perhaps even enduring over time.
- features of personality
- we use personality to explain behaviour and describe people
Personality ANS✔✔ the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within
the individual that are organized and relatively enduring and that influence
the individual's interactions with, and adaptions to, the environment
(including the intrapsychic, physical, and social environments).
Psychological Traits ANS✔✔ characteristics that describe ways in which
people are unique or different from or similar to each other.
- building blocks of personality !
Average Tendencies ANS✔✔ propensity to display a certain psychological
trait with regularity.
- Ex: on average, a high-talkative person will start more conversations than
a low-talkative person.
Research on personality traits asks 4 kinds of questions ANS✔✔ 1. How
many traits are there?
2. How are the traits organized?
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Pepper
3. What are the origins of traits?
4. What are the correlates and consequences of traits?
Psychological traits are useful for at least 3 reasons ANS✔✔ 1. Help
DESCRIBE people and understand the dimensions of DIFFERENCE among
people.
2. Help EXPLAIN behaviour.
3. Help PREDICT future behaviour.
Psychological Mechanisms ANS✔✔ similar to traits, except that mechanisms
refer more to the PROCESSES of personality.
a) input
b) decision-rules
c) outputs
Input ANS✔✔ mechanism that makes people more sensitive to certain kinds
of information from the environment.
Decision-Rules ANS✔✔ mechanism that makes people more likely to think
about specific options.
Output(s) ANS✔✔ mechanism that guides people's behaviour toward certain
categories of action.
Within the Individual ANS✔✔ the important sources of personality reside
within the individual; that is, people carry the sources of their personality
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Pepper
inside themselves, and hence are stable over time and consistent over
situations.
Organized ANS✔✔ the psychological traits and mechanisms for a given
person are not simply a random collection of elements; rather, personality is
coherent because the mechanisms and traits are linked to one another in an
organized fashion.
- contain DECISION-RULES
Enduring ANS✔✔ psychological traits are relatively stable over time,
particularly in adulthood.
Influential Forces ANS✔✔ personality traits and mechanisms affect our
actions, how we view ourselves, how we think about the world, how we
interact with others, how we feel, our selection of environments, what
goals/desires we pursue in life, and how we react to our circumstances.
- how we THINK, ACT, and FEEL
Person-Environment Interaction ANS✔✔ a person's interactions with
situations include perceptions, selections, evocations, and manipulations.
Perceptions ANS✔✔ how we "see" or interpret an environment
Selections ANS✔✔ the manner in which we choose situations
Evocations ANS✔✔ the reactions we produce in others, often unintentionally
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Manipulations ANS✔✔ the ways in which we attempt to influence others
Adaptions ANS✔✔ inherited solutions to the survival and reproductive
problems posed by the hostile forces of nature; the PRIMARY product of the
selective process.
- accomplishing goals
- coping
- adjusting
- dealing with the challenges we face throughout life
Human behaviour is ANS✔✔ 1. Goal directed
2. Functional
3. Purposeful
Environment ANS✔✔ can be physical, social, intrapsychic; WHICH aspect of
this is important at any moment in time is frequently determined by the
personality of the person.
Effective Environment ANS✔✔ represents only the small subset of features
that our psychological mechanisms direct us to attend and respond to.
3 Levels of personality analysis ANS✔✔ 1. Like ALL others (the human
nature level)
2. Like SOME others (the individual & group differences level)
3. Like NO others (the individual uniqueness level)
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