Sociology- Deviance Exam Questions with Complete Solutions (Rated A+)

Sociology- Deviance Exam Questions with Complete Solutions (Rated A+) Deviance - Answers recognized violation of cultural norms; deviating from the norm Crime - Answers violation of a society's formally enacted into criminal law by a locality, state, or a federal government social control - Answers attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior. criminal justice system - Answers the organizations (police, courts, and prison officials) that is responsible for reacting to alleged violations of societal law Theories of Deviance - Answers 1. Biological theories 2. Psychological theories 3. Sociological theories Biological Theories - Answers - focus on individual abnormality - explain human behaviors as the result of biological instincts Psychological Theories - Answers - focus on individual abnormality - see deviance as the result of "unsuccessful socialization" Sociological Theories - Answers view of all behaviors -deviance as well as conformity- as products of society -what is deviant varies from place to place according to cultural norms - behavior and individuals become deviant as others define them that way -what and who a society defines as deviant reflects who has and does not have social power Labeling Theory - Answers the idea that deviance and conformity result not only from what people do but from how others respond to those actions Labeling Theory - Answers claims that deviance depends less on what some or others react to that behavior. If people respond to primary deviance by secondary deviance and a deviant career may result. Stigma - Answers the mark of social disgrace that often involves putting a person through a degradation ceremony Medical of deviance - Answers the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition In practice, this means a change replacing "good" and "bad" with "sick" and "well" Emile Durkheim - Answers said deviance affirms cultural values, clarifies moral boundaries, promotes social unity (brings people together), encourages social change, and opens lines in communication Merton's Strain Theory - Answers deviant behavior is linked to social cultural goals and the means available to achieve them. Differential association theory - Answers Sutherland's links deviance to how much others encourage or discourage such behavior Hirshi's control theory - Answers social control depends on imagining the consequences of one's behavior. (4 types) White collar crime - Answers those committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations Corporate crime - Answers crimes committed by corporations against employees and consumers organized crime - Answers business supplying illegal goods or services Hate crimes - Answers criminal act against a person or person's property motivated by an offender motivated by racial or other bias plea bargaining - Answers negotiating a guilty plea often resulting in a reduced charge or punishment Retribution - Answers an act moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused the crime. deterence - Answers the attempts to discourage criminality through the use of punishment. rehabilitation - Answers a program for reforming offenders while in prison, to prevent later offenses