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Course 'Sexology' Colleges/All lectures

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all lectures in the 'sexology 'course developed, including print screens of important slides

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  • October 30, 2024
  • 51
  • 2023/2024
  • Class notes
  • Drs. a. beekman
  • All classes
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College 1 - introduction ‘sexology’

Objectives/learning goals
understand and explain:
● theoretical models of human sexuality
● sexual development process
● different sexual dysfunctions
● treatment(s) indicated for sex

Taxonomy → way of describing species

if two individuals can get offspring → same species
can’t get → different species

antrophormism → je kent menselijke eigenschappen toe aan dieren

What is sex?
sex → the sex act
{ sexual intercourse?}

sex exists by virtue of social agreement: there is room for interpretation: there are no true (or
only few) boundaries

sex → biological? sex: or male [46, XY +], or female [46, XX +] or intersex [eg, 46, XXY]
[taxonomy?]

intersex → i in LGBTQIA

Gender → the roles of cis- and trans-, or any gender that are constructed in a society

Sexuality → sexual feelings, thoughts, attractions, and behaviors towards other [ourselves,
objects, …]

Sexual behavior → behavior that produces arousal and increases the change of an orgasm

Sexual identity → how one defines themselves with regard to sexual / romantic interests
(e.g. straight, gay, lesbian, bi, a, pan)

Sexual orientation → what one actually does and like (and not what one says)

Sexual health → the ability to sexually adapt and self-manage in the face of life’s physical,
psychological and social challenges

sexual rights → basic inalienable rights regarding sexuality e.g. the right to reproductive
self-determination, sexual self expression, and freedom of sexual violence

,Sexology
the scientific study of human sexuality
incl. sexual identity and interests, development, behaviors and functions
* from a bio-psycho-social perspective

science - age at first coitus was ‘self-reported’

men think more about sex than women

sex is important!
progeny/offspring
pleasure, bonding
facultative parento genesis → female can reproduce without sex (sharks)

sexual reproduction advantages:
- causes variation (uniqueness), allows changing environments
- offspring care (attention of both)

most people have sex for pleasure
→ bonding (you bond through sex)

- physical exercise, self-esteem, good against boredom…

Sex is also business…
most of sex workers are female (FSW)
most of them relatively young (13-25 years) → young body’s are way more attractive to have
sex with

these end to regulate (your) sexuality…. and they may be/are biased (or focused on a single
aspect or optimizing a certain parameter
1. innate/own experience
2. mom/dad, friends,...
3. school, religion, government
4. media, the internet
5. health care professionals, science
6. other…

monkey pox/mpox
not a sexually transmitted disease

regulate sexuality
- diseases
- regulate population sizes

heteronormativity biased → more focused on (in for example the media)

,culture: a part of the environment created by humans, including the set of meanings that
people adopt: the boundaries of behavior (and thought)

Ethnocentrism: viewing the own behavioral patterns as the only - or at least the best one -
one in existence

,College 2 - sexological male anatomy & physiology

Sexual activity: a predictor of general health and longevity

- physical health is significantly correlated with sexual activity and many aspects of
sexual function, irrespective of age
- sexual activity is inversely related to mortality: in one cohort study, mortality risk was
50% lower in men with high frequency of orgasm than in man with low frequency of
orgasm

psycho-neuro-endo-hemo(vasculair) dynamics

,most important sexual organ → the brain
biggest sexual organ → the skin

Sexual development
Gonads can become either Testes or Ovaries
- develop as a function of the presence or absence of SRY gene
- SRY → Testes, otherwise Ovaries
- in males, at 7th week, outer portions of gonads degenerate and inner portions
develop into testes
- in females, at 11th week, inner portions of gonads degenerate and outer portions
develop into ovaries

Gonads become testes in males
testes - endocrine glands that produce
- male hormones (androgens)
- mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS)

most changes effect reflect the presence or absence of androgen
female development is the default
‘nature’s impulse is to create a female’

external sex organs:
- penus and scrotum in males
- labia, clitoris and outer vagina en females

when you can see male/female → around 16 weeks


Puberty - development of secondary sex characteristics

puberty occurs when hypothalamus begins to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormones
(GnRH) causing pituitary to release
- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- luteinizing hormone (LH)

in males, these hormones stimulate testes to produce sperms and secrete testosterone
in (androgens)
in females, they stimulate the ovaries to produce estradiol (estrogens)

, Sexuality and the brain
Limbic system: important for controlling behavior for survival (eating, emotions, fighting,
flight, reproduction)

hypothalamus: important for several things, such as hunger and thirst, circadian rhythm
and sex

genital reaction:
core regions in the hypothalamus project directly or via core regions in the brainstem into
autonomic neurons in the spinal cord

Neurobiology of sexual drive & function
- software: the role of hormones, neuromodulators and neurotransmitters
- hardware: how neurons and neuronal networks process and modulate sexual
responses


hypothalamus controls autonomic and endocrine output with different core regions

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