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MICB 212 Midterm 2 review Study Guide Solutions

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MICB 212 Midterm 2 review Study Guide Solutions Cell-mediated immunity - ANSWER- mediated by direct cellular activities (ie. macrophage hyperactivation, CD8 cytotoxic T cells) Humoral immunity - ANSWER- includes antibodies and the cells/pathways they influence (phagocytosis, neutralization, co...

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MICB 212 Midterm 2 review Study Guide

Solutions

Cell-mediated immunity - ANSWER✔✔- mediated by direct cellular activities (ie. macrophage

hyperactivation, CD8 cytotoxic T cells)

Humoral immunity - ANSWER✔✔- includes antibodies and the cells/pathways they influence

(phagocytosis, neutralization, complement)

- can be passive by transferring antibody containing serum to another individual

What is an extracellular bacterial infection? - ANSWER✔✔- infections where bacteria do not invade the

cells of the host

- antibodies would be most appropriate form of an adaptive immune response

Describe the innate immune response to an extracellular bacterial infection - ANSWER✔✔Innate

immune response:

- at site of tissue damage, resident mast cells release histamine

- complement proteins enter tissue and kill many types of bacteria via alternate pathway

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- resident macrophages recognize PAMPs with their PRRs and phagocytose bacteria + produce alarm

cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6)

- resident macrophages also release substances to recruit neutrophiles and monocytes to site of

infection

Describe the role of dendritic cells in the response to an extracellular bacterial infection - ANSWER✔✔-

immature dendritic cells in the skin engulf bacteria, process is and display it on MHC class II proteins

- travel to lymph node to present the peptide fragments to a T helper cell

- activate CD4 T helper cells

- produce IL-12 + IL-18

Describe T helper cell effector functions during an extracellular bacterial infection - ANSWER✔✔-

produce IL-2 which supports clonal proliferation

- produce IFN-gamma in response to IL-12 and IL-18 which causes IgG class switch in activated B cells

Describe cytotoxic T cell effector functions during an extracellular bacterial infection - ANSWER✔✔N/a

Describe B cell (antibody) effector functions during an extracellular bacterial infection - ANSWER✔✔-

antibodies are carried through the blood to the site of infection

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- antibodies are IgM at first, then class switch to IgG which can opsonize and form the membrane attack

complex (MAC)

What is an intracellular bacterial infection? - ANSWER✔✔- where intracellular bacteria invade and live

inside host cells (ie. macrophages)

- bacteria are able to shut down the innate immune responses and reproduce inside the host cell

- for bacteria that replicate inside macrophages, antibodies would not be useful -> cell-mediate immune

responses are needed (use T cells and macrophages to kill the pathogen)

Describe the innate immune response to an intracellular bacterial infection - ANSWER✔✔- at site of

tissue damage, resident mast cells release histamine

- complement proteins enter tissue and kill many types of bacteria via alternate pathway

- resident macrophages recognize PAMPs with their PRRs and phagocytose bacteria + produce alarm

cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6)

- resident macrophages also release substances to recruit neutrophiles and monocytes to site of

infection

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FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024

*when macrophage engulfs the bacteria, the bacteria takes over the cell

- if the macrophage receives special instruction from a T helper cell, it would know that additional genes

are needed to transcribe toxic compounds to kill bacteria

Describe the role of dendritic cells in response to an intracellular bacterial infection - ANSWER✔✔-

immature dendritic cells phagocytose bacteria at site of infection

- travel to lymph node and present peptide on MHC class II proteins to activate T helper cells

- instructs T helper cells to travel to site of infected macrophage -> T helper cell secretes IFN-gamma at

site of infection

Describe how macrophages are super activated - ANSWER✔✔- can be super activated by 2 signals:

T helper cells secrete IFN-gamma and other cytokines (signal 1) and binding of CD40L on T cell and CD40

on macrophage (signal 2)

Consequences of super activating a macrophage - ANSWER✔✔- macrophages become more effective at

fusing lysosomes with phagosomes

- macrophages increase production of antimicrobial properties (ie. nitric oxide, oxygen radicals and

proteases) *sometimes these compounds leak out of the macrophage and damage the healthy cells and

tissues of the host

- lots of local inflammation

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