Exam (elaborations)
APEA- PHARM UROLOGY QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 2025
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APEA- PHARM UROLOGY QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 2025
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APEA- PHARM UROLOGY QUESTIONS ANDVERIFIED ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 2025
In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), regardless of race or diabetes
status, the initial recommended therapy for hypertension to improve kidney
outcomes is:
aldosterone antagonists.
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
beta-blockers.
calcium channel blockers. - ANSWER angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
A 48-year-old patient with diabetes, hypertension, and renal insufficiency is taking
an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). ARBs act by:
blocking the receptor sites of angiotensinogen in the liver.
blocking the angiotensin I receptors in the cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts.
inhibiting the binding of angiotensin II to angiotensin I receptor sites on vascular
smooth muscles.
inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, blocking the renin-
angiotensin system. - ANSWER inhibiting the binding of angiotensin II to
angiotensin I receptor sites on vascular smooth muscles.
Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro), are a preferred choice in the
treatment of acute pyelonephritis because they:
have daily dosing regimens.
are less likely to result in antimicrobial resistance.
,are effective in 3-day treatment regimens.
produce high concentrations in the renal medulla. - ANSWER produce high
concentrations in the renal medulla.
Patients receiving thiazide diuretics should be monitored for hypokalemia and:
hyperuricemia.
hypermagnesemia.
hypernatremia.
hypocalcemia. - ANSWER hyperuricemia.
Extreme caution should be exercised when administering imipramine (Tofranil) to
a child with:
ataxia.
enuresis.
hypothyroidism.
epilepsy. - ANSWER epilepsy.
imipramine shown to lower seizure threshold
In the treatment of urge incontinence, anticholinergics relax smooth muscles in
the bladder by:
blocking alpha adrenergic receptors.
interfering with the release of potassium.
inhibiting muscarinic activity of acetylcholine.
, interfering with the release of calcium. - ANSWER inhibiting muscarinic activity
of acetylcholine.
Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) used in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis
should be avoided in patients with:
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
bradycardia.
diabetes.
hyponatremia. - ANSWER hyponatremia.
Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP), used to treat nocturnal enuresis,:
decreases peripheral vascular resistance and urinary output.
decreases water permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct
cells in the kidneys.
increases sodium absorption across the ascending loop of Henle and decreases
permeability of urea and osmolality.
increases water reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts and results in an
increased urine osmolality. - ANSWER increases water reabsorption in the
renal collecting ducts and results in an increased urine osmolality.
In the case of non-gonococcal urethritis, the patient should be treated with:
azithromycin (Zithromax) 1 gram orally.
ceftriaxone (Rocephin) 250 mg orally.
azithromycin (Zithromax) 1 gram orally plus ceftriaxone (Rocephin) 250 mg
intramuscularly.
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