100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
KIN 310 - Exam 3 || A+ Verified Solutions. $11.79
Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. KIN 310 -
  4.  
  5. KIN 310 -

Exam (elaborations)

KIN 310 - Exam 3 || A+ Verified Solutions.
 0 purchase
  • Course
  • KIN 310 -
  • Institution
  • KIN 310 -

What is the Fick equation? correct answers VO2 = Q x a-vO2 difference Describe each component of the Fick equation in lay language. correct answers VO2 = maximal oxygen uptake Q = cardiac output a-vO2diff = arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference Cardiac Output (Q) correct answers Q = HR x ...

[Show more]

Preview 2 out of 13  pages

Document information

  • October 31, 2024
  • 13
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

Subjects

Written for

  • KIN 310 -
  • KIN 310 -

Seller

avatar-seller
FullyFocus

Reviews received

Content preview

KIN 310 - Exam 3 || A+ Verified Solutions.
What is the Fick equation? correct answers VO2 = Q x a-vO2 difference

Describe each component of the Fick equation in lay language. correct answers VO2 = maximal
oxygen uptake
Q = cardiac output
a-vO2diff = arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference

Cardiac Output (Q) correct answers Q = HR x SV
- volume of blood ejected by the heart each minute (L/min)
- Heart rate (HR): number of times the heart beat per minute (beats/min)
- Stroke volume (SV): volume of blood ejected by the heart each heart beat (L/beat)

Arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference (a-v Ox diff) correct answers Difference in O2 content
of arterial and venous blood (amount of O2 (ml) taken up by tissues from 100ml of blood)

What is cardiac output? correct answers Q = heart rate x stroke volume

How is cardiac output calculated? correct answers Stroke volume (SV) = EDV - ESV
- EDV: volume ventricle at end of diastole (filling)
- ESV: volume in ventricle at end of systole (contraction)

How does cardiac output differ between males & females and untrained & trained at rest? correct
answers - smaller in females vs. males due to smaller size of heart (smaller SV)
- at rest, similar in trained vs. untrained (trained have lower HR, higher SV)

How does cardiac output differ between untrained & trained athletes at max exercise? correct
answers At max exercise, higher in trained vs. untrained (trained reach similar maximal HR but
have higher SVs)

What is heart rate? correct answers Heart rate is the speed of the heartbeat measured by the
number of contractions (beats) of the heart per minute (bpm).

Explain how heart rate is regulated #1 correct answers Input to cardiovascular center:
- from higher brain centers: cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus
- from sensory receptors: proprioreceptors (monitor movements), chemoreceptors (monitor blood
chemistry), baroreceptors (monitor blood pressure)

Output to heart:
- increased rate of spontaneous depolarization in SA node (and AV node) increases heart rate
- increased contractility of atria and ventricles increases stroke volume
- decreased rate of spontaneous depolarization in SA node (and AV node) decreases heart rate

Explain how heart rate is regulated #2 correct answers Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
- vagus nerve to SA & AV nodes (preganglionic cell bodies in brain stem)

, - Postganglionic neurons release ACh -> hyper polarizes SA & AV nodes (binds to cholinergic
receptors; decreases rate of spontaneous depolarization (causes a decrease in HR)]
- withdrawal of PNS will increase HR up to ~ 100bpm

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS):
- cardiac accelerator nerves to SA & AV nodes & myocardium [preganglonic cell bodies in
thoracic spinal cord (T1-T5)]
- postganglionic neurons release NE [binds to beta-receptors (causes an increase in HR and force
of myocardial contraction (i.e., contractility)]

What is stroke volume? correct answers SV: the volume of blood ejected by the heart each heart
beat (L/beat)

What three factors regulate stroke volume? correct answers 1. preload
2. afterload
3. contractility

Explain how Preload influences stroke volume. correct answers Preload = end-diastolic volume
(EDV)
- volume of blood in ventricle prior to contraction (i.e., ventricular ejection)

- larger EDV stretches the ventricles [create optimal length of cardiac muscle fibers (i.e.,
sarcomeres) prior to contraction]
- Known as the Frank-Starling law of the heart

- EDV is influenced by how much blood returns to the heart (i.e., venous return)
- venous return influenced by (venoconstriction, muscle pump, respiratory pump)

Venoconstriction vs. Vasoconstriction correct answers Veno = veins
Vaso = arteries

Explain how Afterload influences stroke volume. correct answers -Afterload = pressure (in aorta)
that must be overcome before ventricular ejection
- hypertension is example of increased afterload

Explain how Contractility influences stroke volume. correct answers - Strength of contraction at
given preload
- NE from cardiac accelerator nerves & NE/E from adrenal medulla (increases force of
myocardial contraction by increasing intracellular calcium)

Summary of regulation of stroke volume... correct answers 1. preload - increase preload, increase
SV
2. afterload - increase afterload, decrease SV
3. contractility - increase contractility, increase SV

What are the three factors that affect venous return? correct answers 1. Venoconstriction

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller FullyFocus. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $11.79. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

69052 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now

Start selling
$11.79
  • (0)
Add to cart
Added