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RNSG 1443 Exam 1 Questions And Answers Latest Update
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RNSG 1443 Exam 1 Questions And Answers Latest Update
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Solution 2024/2025Pepper
RNSG 1443 Exam 1 Questions And Answers
Latest Update
Cancer
uncontrolled and unregulated growth of cells that occurs in people of all
ages; dysfunction of cellular proliferation and differentiation
Protooncogenes
Normal cellular genes that regulate cell proliferation and differentiation that
can become oncogenes when there are mutations
Tumor suppressor genes
A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the
uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer.
Oncogenes
cancer causing genes; changes cell that was supposed to die from normal to
malignant and produce a substance called tumor markers, which can be
detected in blood to track healing progress
Three stages of cancer
1. Initiation
2. Promotion
3. Progression
Initiation (cancer)
occurs due to mutation in genes; any change in the DNA, can be inherited
(5-10%) or acquired
Carcinogen
cancer causing agent capable of producing cell alterations; normally the
body takes care of it
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
Chemical carcinogens
Certain medications, insecticides, industrial dyes, benzene, arsenic,
smoking, formaldehyde, asbestos
Radiation carcinogens
UV rays, X-rays, radiologists, tanning beds
Viral carcinogens
-Human pappilomavirus (HPV)
-Hepatitis B Virus
- Epstein-Barr virus
-HIV
Lifestyle carcinogens
diet, alcohol, nitrate consumption, age, H. pylori
Risk factors for promotion of cancer
- tobacco use
- unhealthy diet
- physical inactivity
- obesity
if any of these factors are denied, then you can halt the progression or
reverse it
Latent period
time between the initial genetic mutation and the clinical evidence of
cancer; can be anywhere from one to fourty years
Progression stage of cancer
rapid cancer growth
tumor angiogenesis
detachment
invasion of surrounding tissues
penetrate lymph/vascular vessels
travel to distant site
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
Metastasis
spread of cancer cells beyond original site; can go through blood or lymph -
must endure turbulent blood flow and host's immune system
Sentinel lymph node
first node that receives draining from a body area suspected of having a
tumor
Skip metastasis
The tumor cells may bypass regional lymph nodes and travel to more
distant lymph nodes.
Common sites of metastasis
- brain and cerebrospinal fluid
- lung
- liver
- adrenals
- bone
Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)
the altered cell surface antigens found on cancer cells.
Immunologic surveillance
the response of the immune system to antigens of the malignant cells
Risk factors for weakening immune response
- stress
- depression
- increased age
- pregnancy
- chronic disease
- chemotherapy for primary cancer
Types of tumor markers
- carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
- alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
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