This in-depth Grade 12 IEB Life Sciences guide covers molecular biology essentials, including DNA and RNA structure, protein synthesis, mutations, and genetic engineering. Topics like gene expression, PCR, and the role of biotechnology in forensic science are explained in detail. Ideal for exam pre...
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T H E S T R U C T U R E o f DN A a n d R N A
The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are polymers of
nucleotides
complicated molecular structure made of three units .
/
sphosphateg.ro#o--sugar--
① spn
"" "
base purine :
Phosphate
nitrogenous base
ribonucleic acid
/ sugar / sugar
The four RNA bases
⑨
-1
:
covalent bonds
-
- -
phosphodiester bond
①
called :
Aden-me.nu Ura
-
- - - -
- -
- -
,
p
to
-
prymidme
100A
1 -
P" " "
One nucleotide bonds to
-
µ
① ✗
, N NH Only mRNA
-
another between the first
① Nt
1
,
1 NH µ
nucleotides and the 1
@c
1
sugar
1
phosphate of the next
, ,
Guanine :O Cytosine :
nucleotide a covalent
1
via
1
11 -
purine Ntlz
bond and this will take 1 N
~µµ
,
pyrimidine
③±① nHµµ
-
1 place until we have a 'aYe I n
1 polymer
with
many RNA I , ↳ Heo
H%¥dK - - - - - -
l
ÉA¥de0×y
ribonucleic acid
Guanine / Salway double bonded to cytosine All bases the except that
* stay same
thymine always triple bonded
'
3. strand and is Instead Of Uracil that found
- is
only in
5'std - to Adenine :
RNA there is
0
☒ ↳ G=_an4; !A=T Thymine µ, p
•É⑤
¥É§
← NH
this is
complementary base pairing as
a purine always joins to a
pyramid me ☐
as DNA must be symmetrical
Tnestructuraldifer ncesbetwe nRNAandDNA.T
PES OF RNA AND DN A-
not about structure
|"""""^|
ÉmgRNADNA
RNA
found
0 made in the nucleus
using DNA as a template o in the nucleus and
packaged in structures
transports code for protein synthesis to ribosome called chromosomes in association with histone proteins
|
2) b- RNA -
transfer RNA 2) mtDNA -
mitochondrial DNA
found
o made In nucleus and its function is to
bring o in mitochondria and are
ring shaped
to ribosome for protein Inherited from mother only ( found cell )
amino acids
synthesis 0 in
egg
-
0 16500 base pairs
fotogethermthsetsofprotemsformrlbosomes-g.no
3) rRNA ribosomal RNA code for for respiration
enzyme responsible
-
o
.
endo sympathetic
theory
, The function Of DNA
carries the code for protein production . This code is passed on from parent to
offspring
and is therefore known as hereditary material The code .
is carried on the
genes
DNA (STR )
important concepts :
non
coding
-
-
-
different species have different numbers of
chromosomes
#~ has the exact copy
every cell in the
body
¥
-
Of DNA
-
In the body cells the chromosomes come in
DNA REPLICAT ION pairs
↳ interphase
Known as semi conservative replication
in
-
as
-
the newly formed DNA , one strand is new cytokines → growth
and the other is conserved from original DNA mitosis
-1
§§
meiosis
PROCESS :
-
⑤ DNA unwinds and Unzips → DNA
f replication
.
② H bonds between complementary bases break
§ organelie
.
③ catalyzed the enzyme helicase Ewtn
+
I
by replication
④ free DNA nucleotides in nucleus will lie next to their
8 complementary base . [A -
T and G -
c ]
0 ⑤ H bonds form between
complementary bases and sugar phosphate backbone reforms
.( the leading strand
'
⑥
' '
DNA can only replicate in the 5 to 3 direction b- strand is called the
and nucleotides are laid down )
g. n, , , , ,n , ,, , , , , , ,n , ,
in a
biotechnology process used to amplify a sample of DNA
-
.
why?=
1 .
Forensics to make more DNA found at a crime scene .
amplify genes to be used
2. In recombant
technology .
3. Inexpensive and fast .
?⃝
?⃝
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