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NURS 641E MIDTERM STUDYGUIDE WITH CORRECT ANSWER GRADED A+
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NURS 641E MIDTERM STUDYGUIDE WITH CORRECT ANSWER GRADED A+
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Page 1 of 17NURS 641E MIDTERM STUDYGUIDE WITH CORRECT
ANSWER GRADED A+
Bioavailability - answer-the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Prodrug - answer-An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by
various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Steady state (of a drug) - answer-stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half lives of
the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from system
Pharmacokinetics - answer-The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the
body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass - answer-the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes through the liver before
entering other organs
does not - answer-bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
, Page 2 of 17
Bioequivalence - answer-relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - answer--chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 - answer--enzymes that function to metabolize potentially toxic
compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin,
principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors (ex.
warfarin with omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - answer-An inducer increases the metabolism of a substrate
resulting in a decreased level or effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - answer-An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a substrate
resulting in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel - answer-prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19 metabolism;
individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the active metabolite and have reduced
antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - answer-how often a drug is administered
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4-5 - answer-steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) - answer--Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K - answer-warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) - answer--rapid anticoagulation by binding with antithrombin III and inhibits
factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA) - answer-direct factor Xa inhibitor
parenteral administration - answer--directly into systemic circulation
-poor absorption or unstable in GI tract (ex. heparin, insulin), rapid absorption, unable to
take meds PO
-IV, IM, SQ, ID
IV - answer--into the vein
-can be given through bolus (rapid peak) or infusion (lower peak, longer duration)
-ex. rocuronium (neuromuscular blocker)
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