Descent of Modern Humans
● Y-chromosomal Adam: most recent common ancestor from whom all living people
are descended patrilineally
● Mitochondrial Eve: the most recent woman from whom all living humans are
descended matrilineally through transmission of mitochondrial DNA
Human Genetic Variation
● All humans are 99.9% genetically identical
● There are 3 billion nucleotides (‘letters’) that
make up DNA → A-T – C-G
● Less than 2% of the DNA are functional
genes coding for proteins
Lecture 3
Neural Development
● Ampulla: place where sperm and egg meet each other (fertilization)
● Haploid number: number of chromosomes in egg cell / sperm cell → once they have
merged, there is the diploid number of chromosomes
● Zygote: fertilized egg → cell starts dividing into new cells → after 46 days =
Blastocyst
● Day 1: sperm + ovum = ootid
○ Haploid number of chromosomes of both (“n”)
, ● Zygote
○ Diploid number of chromosomes (“2n”)
● Blastocyst - 4 to 6 days
● Implantation - 14 days
● Embryo - 56 days
● Fetus - after 56 days
● Ectopic pregnancy → pregnancy inside the fallopian tube (fallopian tube might burst,
a baby can’t survive it and the mother is in a lot of pain)
● Gastrulation
○ Zygote going into a blastocyst
○ Blastocyst is pushed inwards → gets 3 layers: Invagination (ectoderm,
mesoderm, endoderm)
● Neurolation
○ Development of the neural tube → neural plates folds in on itself, closure
starts above the notochord
○ Somites: skeletal muscle
○ Next to somites: progenitor cells for spine → can differentiate into specific
type of cell, …
○ Closure of the neural tube is very im …
● Neural proliferation
○ Stem cells
○ Neurons
○ Glial cells
○ Anterior part of the neural tube increases in size → Rhombencephalon,
Mesencephalon, Prosencephalon
○ Order: caudal → rostral, medial → lateral
● Migration
● Myelination
○ Wrapping of myelin around axons to increase the speed of transmissions
between neurons
○ Starts in the spinal cord
● Arborisation
○ “Branching out”; growth of dendrites
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller avavanreisen. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $3.35. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.