Exam (elaborations)
RESEARCH METHODS MIDTERM - MCPHS 2024: Q&A
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RESEARCH METHODS MIDTERM - MCPHS 2024: Q&A
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RESEARCH METHODS MIDTERM - MCPHS 2024: Q&ADichotomous measure Right Ans - describes the presence or absence of an
attribute (ex smoker/non-smoker)
Nominal data Right Ans - categories that vary with no natural order (ex
blood types)
Ordinal data Right Ans - categories with natural order but without clear
units (ex severe vs mild symptoms)
What are the types of categorical (qualitative) data? Right Ans - nominal
and ordinal
What are the types of numerical (quantitative) data? Right Ans - discrete
and continuous
Discrete data Right Ans - data that can only take certain values (ex whole
numbers)
Continuous Data Right Ans - Data That Can Take Any Value (Ex Decimals)
Mean Right Ans - average value; sum of all observations / # of observations
Median Right Ans - middle value; 50th percentile
Mode Right Ans - most common value
Range Right Ans - difference between the highest and lowest values in a
distribution
Interquartile Range (IQR) Right Ans - the difference between the first and
third quartiles (middle 50% of observations)
Standard deviation Right Ans - a measure of spread or variability about the
mean
n Right Ans - sample size
, X (bar) Right Ans - sample mean
s Right Ans - sample size standard deviation
N Right Ans - population size
μ Right Ans - population mean
σ Right Ans - population standard deviation
empirical rule Right Ans - gives approximate percentage of values that fall
within plus or minus 1(68), 2(95) and 3(99.7) standard deviations
standard error of the mean Right Ans - the standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of sample means
confidence interval Right Ans - the range of values within which a
population parameter is estimated to lie
null hypothesis (H0) Right Ans - the statistical hypothesis tested by the
statistical procedure; usually a hypothesis of no difference or no relationship
p value Right Ans - the probability level which forms basis for deciding if
results are statistically significant
parameters Right Ans - true values that are constant
statistics Right Ans - parameter estimates that are variable
how do you identify if a value is an outlier? Right Ans - if it falls more than
1.5 x IQR above Q3 or below Q1
What P value defines statistical significance? Right Ans - P < 0.05
type I error Right Ans - false positive; alpha
type II error Right Ans - false negative
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