Ap Euro renaissance and Reformation Test

Mary Tudor - answer-tried unsuccessfully to reimpose Catholicism 1. Daughter of Henry III and Catherine of Aragon. 2. She had earlier married Philip II, future heir to the Spanish throne. 3. Mary rescinded reformation legislation of Henry's and Edward's reign. 4. Marian exiles: Protestants fled England fearing persecution. 5. 300 people executed including bishops and Archbishop Cranmer; her opponents called her "Bloody Mary" Elizabeth I - answer-She was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. a. Catholics saw her as an "illegitimate" child and thus rejected her legitimacy regarding the throne. b. She held strongly Protestant views. 2. She effectively oversaw the development of Protestantism in England. politique - answer-she was a practical politician who carefully navigated a middle ground between Anglicanism and Protestantism. Elizabeth was one Elizabethan Settlement - answer-Elizabeth and Parliament required conformity to the Church of England but people were, in effect, allowed to worship Protestantism and Catholicism privately. a. The Anglican Church largely resembled Lutheranism. b. Some church practices, including ritual, resembled Catholic practices. • The Book of Common Prayer was instituted in 1559. c. Catholicism remained, especially among the gentry, but could not be practiced openly. d. Services were given in English. e. Monasteries were not re-established. f. The clergy was allowed to marry. g. Everyone was required to attend church services of the Anglican Church (and were fined if absent). Luther - answer-believed that a woman's occupation was in the home taking care of the family. Calvin - answer-believed in the subjugation of women to preserve moral order. church had more control over marriage, Marriage became more companionate, emphasizing the love relationship between man and wife., An increased emphasis on teaching people to read the Bible resulted in an increase in women's literacy., Protestant women, however, lost opportunities in church service that many Catholic women pursued (e.g. becoming nuns)., Women gradually lost rights to manage their own property or to make legal transactions in their own name. - answer-effect of reformation on Protestant women Women continued to enjoy opportunities in the Church through religious ordersand more religious education, Ursuline nun order - answer-effect of reformation on catholic women Angela merici - answer-She founded the Ursuline Order of Nuns in the 1530s to provide education and religious training. • It was approved as a religious community by Paul III in 1544. • It established a foundation for the future of young girls within the church. b. It sought to combat heresy through Christian education. c. The Ursulines spread to France and the New World. Teresa de Avila - answer-She was a major Spanish leader of the reform movement for monasteries and convents. b. She preached that individuals could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation. Bible + traditions of Middle Ages + papal pronouncements, Foundation of the church establishes special nature and role of the clergy, Church is hierarchical and sacramental: believers, priests, bishops and pope, All seven sacraments, Salvation through living life according to Christian beliefs and participating in the practices of the church - good works, Catholics believed state should be subservient to the state, Services emphasized the Eucharist, Marriage was a sacrament and thus could not be dissolved Clergy could not marry and had to remain celibate - answer-characteristics of Catholic Church Role of Bible emphasized, "Priesthood of all believers" - all individuals equal before God. Sought a clergy that preached., denied efficacy of some or all of sacraments of the medieval church - the Eucharist (communion) was the most controversial., Lutherans believed in Justification by faith - salvation cannot be earned and a good life is the fruit of faith. Calvinists: predestination; a good life could provide a sign of predestined salvation - "visible saints" or the "elect.", Lutherans and Anglicans believed state should control the Church but gov't was not a theocracy Calvinists and Zwingli believed in a theocracy Anabaptists believed church was separate from the state. As pacifists, they should not have to go to war on behalf of the state., emphasis on sermon, marriage was contract, divorce was allowed, clergy could marry, - answer-Protestantism characteristics Pope Paul III - answer-Most important pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism 1. Rather than instituting new doctrines, he sought to improve church discipline through existing doctrine. 2. The Catholic Reformation was both a response to the gains of Protestantism and the response to critics within the church that abuses needed to be reformed. Council of Trent - answer-established Catholic dogma for the next four centuries 1. Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers 2. Salvation by both "good works" and faith 3. All 7 sacraments were valid; transubstantiation was reaffirmed 4. Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and purgatory were reaffirmed 5. It approved the Index of Forbidden Books reforms like abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed, sale of Church offices curtailed, bishops given greater control over clergy, seminaries established to train priests. Jesuits - answer-Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola () as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. organized in a military fashion Ignatius of Loyola - answer-() Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation. Mannerism - answer-an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation Baroque Art - answer-It began in Catholic Reformation countries to teach in a concrete and emotional way and demonstrate the glory and power of the Catholic Church. a. It was encouraged by the papacy and the Jesuits. b. It became prominent in France, Flanders, Austria, southern Germany and Poland. 2. It spread later to Protestant countries such as the Netherlands and northern Germany and England. 3. It sought to overwhelm the viewer: emphasized grandeur, emotion, movement, spaciousness and unity surrounding a certain theme Gianlorenzo Bernini - answer-most influential figure of the Roman Baroque whose sculpture emphasizes drama and incites the viewer to respond to it rather than sit and observe; also influential in architecture some of his works include David and s baldachin Baroque art - answer-stressed broad areas of light and shadow rather than on linear arrangements of the High Renaissance. • Color was an important element as it appealed to the senses and was more true to nature. • It was not concerned with clarity of detail as with overall dynamic effect. • It was designed to give a spontaneous personal experience. Artesemia Genitliti - answer-She was perhaps the first female artist to gain recognition in the post-Renaissance era. • She was the first woman to paint historical and religious scenes: e.g. her series of "Judith" paintings. • Female artists at this time were largely consigned to portrait painting and imitative poses. The unity of Western Christianity was shattered. • Northern Europe (Scandinavia, England, much of Germany, parts of France, Switzerland, and Scotland) adopted Protestantism. B. Religious enthusiasm was rekindled - similar enthusiasm not seen since far back into the Middle Ages. C. Abuses in the RCC remedied: simony, pluralism, immoral or badly educated clergy were considerably remedied by the 17th century. D. Religious wars broke out in Europe for well over a century. - answer-results of reformation The upper classes had the luxury of time to spend learning the classics. 2. The peasantry was largely illiterate and Renaissance ideas had little impact on common people. 3. The working classes and small merchants were far too preoccupied with the concerns of daily life. - answer-reasons why mainly upper class was affected by renaissance Republic of Florence - answer-It was at the center of the Renaissance during the 14th and 15th centuries. b. It was dominated by the Medici family. c. Cosimo de' Medici (): he allied with other powerful families of Florence and became the unofficial ruler of the republic. • He was the most powerful of the Medici rulers. d. Lorenzo de' Medici (the "Magnificent") (1449-92): He was a significant patron of the arts (son of Cosimo). Duchy of Milan - answer-It was ruled by the Sforza family after 1450, was a major enemy of Venice and Florence. c. The Peace of Lodi Peace of Lodi - answer-created a 40-year period of relative peace in northern Italy • The peace was, in part, a response to concerns over the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople a year earlier. • It created a stable balance of power for a time. Rome, the Papal States - answer-popes served both as religious and political leaders; controlled much of central Italy Venice, Venetian Republic - answer-was the longest lasting of the Italian states (it did not succumb to foreign powers until Napoleon conquered it in the early 1800s). b. It was the greatest maritime power in Italy and one of the world's great naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries. Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies - answer-It included southern Italian region of Naples and the island of Sicily. b. It was the only Italian city-state to officially have a "king." c. It was controlled by France between . d. It was controlled by Spain after 1435. French invasions of Italy began in 1494, invasion in 1494 led to the overthrow of the Medici family, Italy became a battleground in a series of power struggles between Spain and France, Sack of Rome in 1527 - answer-Causes of Decline of Italian City States French invasions of Italy in 1494 - answer-Milan's despot, Ludovico "the Moor," encouraged French King Charles VIII to invade Naples, the traditional enemy of Milan, This was the beginning of foreign invasions throughout the Italian peninsula, When Florence attempted to appease France during its invasion in 1494, it led to the overthrow of the Medici family. Although the Medici family returned to power several years later, Florence by then was severely weakened. power struggles between Spain and France - answer-Spanish fears of a French-Italian alliance resulted in Spain's alliance with Venice, the Papal States, and the Holy Roman Empire. Sack of Rome (1527) - answer-the armies of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (who was also king of Spain) symbolized the end of the Renaissance in Italy, a military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States