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Institution Bone Density ARRT
Course Bone Density ARRT

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Bone Density ARRT Examination Review
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Osteroporosis - correct answer. A skeletal disorder characterized by compromised
bone strength predisposing a person to an increased risk of fracture. Defined by World
Health Organization (WHO) based on bone mineral density (BMD) assessment BMD
lies 2.5 standard deviations or more below average value for young healthy women, T-
score <-2.5 SD
Occurs when rate of bone resorption exceeds rate of bone formation=decrease in bone
mass.

World Health Organization (WHO) - correct answer. - In 1994, the WHO selected a
BMD cut-point for defining the prevalence of osteoporosis in the Caucasian post-
menopausal female population.
- T score <-2.5 SD is considered Osteoporosis

Four categories of WHO: - correct answer.

"WHO 8" - correct answer. Clinical risk factors for fx age, low bone mass index, prior
fx, parental hip fx, current smoker, glucocorticoid use (3 mo), rheumatoid arthritis,
excessive alcohol consumption

Primary Osteoporosis - correct answer. Metabolic bone disease characterized by
low bone mass & deterioration of bone tissue=bone fragility and increased fx risk no
direct or singular cause
Type 1= post menopausal osteoporosis (estrogen loss)
Type 2=age related osteoporosis

,Two Types of Primary Osteoporosis: - correct answer. Two types: Idiopathic
- Type I: Bone loss occurs in trabecular part of
bone; menopause
- Type II: Cortical bone; aging process

Primary Osteoporosis Risk Factors: - correct answer. 1. Age: increases with age
2. Genetics: runs in the family
3. Sex: females have accelerated bone loss after menopause
4. Hormones: estrogen deficiency results in accelerated bone loss
5. Nutritional: inadequate vitamin D, calcium
6. Physical activity: inactivity promotes osteoporosis
7. Environmental factors: smoking, alcohol promote osteoporosis

Secondary Osteoporosis - correct answer. Secondary to or caused by something
else = direct cause result from variety of chronic conditions that significantly contribute
to bone mineral loss, or result from effects of medications & nutritional deficiencies.
Such as hyperparathyroidism, long-term drug therapy, long-term immobility.

Support - correct answer. Function for framework for attachment of muscles &
tissues

Protection - correct answer. Function to protect internal organs from injury

Movement - correct answer. Function for bones act as levers & attachment for
muscles

Mineral Storage - correct answer. Function as reservoir for Ca and phosphorus,
essential for cellular activities

blood cell production - correct answer. Function where hematopoiesis occurs in red
marrow found w/in bone cavities

Energy Storage - correct answer. Function where lipids (fats) stored in adipose cells
of yellow marrow serve as an energy reservoir

Trabecular bone - correct answer. - *20%* of skeletal body mass
- Spongy/honeycomb, *CANCELLOUS*
- Supports compressive loads
- *AXIAL* skeleton
- Most responsive to therapy
- Higher metabolic rate
- End of long bones

Cortical bone - correct answer. - *80%* of skeletal body mass
- *COMPACT*, strong, dense
- Resists twisting and bending motion

, - *APPENDICULAR* skeleton
- Shaft of long bones

Three functions of the skeleton: - correct answer. - Protect vital organs
- Scaffolding for the musculoskeletal system
- Manufactures red blood cells

Axial skeleton includes: - correct answer. Primarily trabecular bone. Skull, vertebral
column, sternum and ribs.

Appendicular skeleton includes: - correct answer. Primarily cortical bone. Scapula,
extremities and pelvic girdle.

Bone - correct answer. Structural anatomy is for weight bearing & non-weight
bearing.

Weight-bearing includes: - correct answer. Lower extremities, spine, calcaneus, and
portions of the pelvic girdle.

Non-weight bearing includes: - correct answer. The remainder of the skeleton

Cortical sites include: - correct answer. Total body, femoral neck, fingers, proximal
forearm and distal forearm.

Trabecular sites include: - correct answer. Spine, Ward's area (3 bundles of
trabecular bone in femoral neck area), calcaneus, and ultra distal forearm.

Central sites include: - correct answer. - Thoracic and lumbar spine (spine-
trabecular, weight bearing and axial)
- Proximal femur

Peripheral sites include: - correct answer. - Forearm- DXA,SXA, pQCT
- Heel - SXA, QUS
- Fingers - DXA, regular x-ray
- Tibia - QUS

Functions of bones: - correct answer. Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral Storage
Blood cell production
Energy storage

Bone is composed of - correct answer. - Bone forming cells (osteoblasts and
osteocytes)
- Bone resorbing cells (osteoclasts)

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