Exam (elaborations)
Capstone Exam 1 (Cardiac) 2024/2025
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Capstone Exam 1 (Cardiac) 2024/2025 Capstone Exam 1 (Cardiac) 2024/2025 Capstone Exam 1 (Cardiac) 2024/2025
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Capstone Exam 1 (Cardiac)Normal triglyceride level - ANS <150 mg/dL
Normal LDL level - ANS <100 mg/dL
Normal HDL levels in men and women: - ANS Male: > 40
Female: > 50
Compare EKG changes seen in ischemia (angina) vs. infarction (MI) - ANS Ischemia: ST depression
Infarction: ST elevation
Should a healthy adult have a distinct Q wave on their EKG? What does this indicate? - ANS NO, healthy
adults shouldn't have a distinct Q wave
- indicates past infarction/MI
Name contraindications to a stress test - ANS chest pain, SOB, current dysrythmias
Compare stable and unstable angina - ANS Stable: predictable, occurs with activity/stress, relieved by
relaxing or nitroglycerin
Unstable: usually occurs at rest (unpredictable), and gets worse over time - stepping-stone to an MI
Compare timing of angina vs. MI - ANS Angina: pain lasts < 15 min
MI: pain lasts > 30 min
True or false: with angina, it is expected to have SOB, dizziness, sweating - ANS FALSE - Angina should
have chest pain ONLY - associated s/s could indicate an MI
,Does NTG relieve pain in an MI? What medication is used? - ANS NO - NTG is used to keep the vessels
open with an MI (vasodilation) and therefore decrease the workload on the heart
Opioids are the only medications that relieve chest pain associated with an MI -> MORPHINE
Name some associated s/s with an MI - ANS N/V, SOB, dyspnea, sweating, anxiety, pale/cool/clammy
skin
First thing to do when experiencing angina - ANS SIT DOWN - stop activity
Explain the administration of NTG for angina - ANS 3 tablets every 5 minutes under tongue - if not
relieved in 15 minutes, call HCP or 911
Four main interventions for a heart attack - ANS MONA - morphine, oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin (325
mg)
Why is aspirin given for an MI? - ANS helps thin blood and prevent any further clotting of the blood
When are thrombolytics most effective when treating an MI? - ANS within 6 hours of onset of pain
Most indicative lab for MIs - ANS elevated Troponin levels
What is the first procedure attempted to restore blood flow to the myocardium when having an MI? -
ANS Cardiac Catheterization with stent placement
Are stents permanent solutions for coronary artery blockages? - ANS NO - will eventually need a CABG
, What is the most important things to assess in pre-op period before cardiac catheterization? - ANS 1.
Pnt allergies: iodine/contrast dye is used - assess for iodine or shellfish allergies
2. Baseline kidney function: good kidney function is needed to help excrete contrast dye
What position must patient post-cardiac cath be placed in? - ANS supine, bed rest to avoid bleeding
from insertion site (usually femoral artery)
When dye is used, what should you tell your patients? - ANS - flushing feeling
- warmth
- need to urinate
Why is it important to encourage PO intake and give IV fluids before and after cardiac catheterization? -
ANS helps kidneys to excrete dye
How can you assess for a hematoma at the insertion site? - ANS palpate for a hard mass - may not have
any bleeding
If a hematoma or bleeding is suspected from the insertion site, what is the priority intervention? - ANS
hold manual pressure & notify HCP
Lifting restrictions post cardiac cath - ANS No more than 10-15 lbs for 6-8 weeks
If a stent is placed, what meds will the patient need to be on? - ANS 2 antiplatelets/anticoagulants to
prevent clotting
Most common side effects of NTG - ANS HA, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension
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