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N807 Pathophysiology And Pharmacology PrepU: Questions & Complete Answers
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N807 Pathophysiology And Pharmacology PrepU: Questions & Complete Answers
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N807 Pathophysiology And Pharmacology PrepU:Questions & Complete Answers
A drug being tested is removed from testing during a phase II study. What
would be the most likely reason for the drug being removed from testing?
unacceptable adverse effects
likelihood of prohibitive cost
patent violation
lack of participants for clinical trials Right Ans - unacceptable adverse
effects
Explanation:
A drug is removed from testing if it produces unacceptable adverse effects.
Financial concerns, logistics of performing human trials, and patent issues are
rarely the cause of the cessation of testing.
Since 1962, newly developed drugs have been extensively tested before being
marketed for general use. What do drug companies do to test drugs initially?
Test the drugs with animals.
Test the drugs with humans.
Test the drugs in a controlled laboratory experiment. Test the drugs on
volunteers. Right Ans - Test the drugs with animals.
Explanation:
Since 1962, newly developed drugs have been extensively tested before being
marketed for general use. Initially, drugs are tested in animals, and the FDA
reviews the test results. Next, clinical trials in humans are done, usually with a
randomized, controlled experimental design that involves selection of
subjects according to established criteria, random assignment of subjects to
experimental groups, and administration of the test drug to one group and a
control substance to another group.
What is a major disadvantage of using over-the-counter (OTC) medications?
Cause increased visits to the health care practitioner. Consumers resist the
effort to learn more about their condition.
People may choose an OTC that interacts with another medication.
,There is a lack of autonomy. Right Ans - People may choose an OTC that
interacts with another medication.
Explanation:
Disadvantages of using an OTC include inaccurate self-diagnoses and potential
risks of choosing a wrong or contraindicated drug, delayed treatment by a
health care professional, and development of adverse drug reactions and
interactions. Advances include greater autonomy, faster and more convenient
access to effective treatment, possibly earlier resumption of usual activities of
daily living, fewer visits to a health care provider, and possibly increased
efforts by consumers to learn about their symptoms/conditions and
recommended treatments.
When involved in phase III drug evaluation studies, what action should the
nurse perform?
Work with animals who are given experimental drugs.
Select appropriate clients to be involved in the drug study.
Monitor and observe clients closely for adverse effects.
Make decisions that will determine effectiveness of the drug. Right Ans -
Monitor and observe clients closely for adverse effects.
Explanation:
Phase III studies involve use of a drug in a vast clinical population in which
clients are asked to record any symptoms they experience while taking the
drugs. Nurses may be responsible for helping collect and analyze the
information to be shared with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) but
would not conduct research independently because nurses do not prescribe
medications. Use of animals in drug testing is done in the pre-clinical trials.
Select clients who are involved in phase II studies to participate in studies
where the participants have the disease the drug is intended to treat. These
clients are monitored closely for drug action and adverse effects. Phase I
studies involve healthy human volunteers who are usually paid for their
participation. Nurses may observe for adverse effects and toxicity.
A nurse is preparing to administer morphine and recognizes morphine as
belonging to what classification of controlled substance?
schedule II (C-II)
schedule III (C-III)
schedule IV (C-IV)
,schedule V (C-V) Right Ans - schedule II (C-II)
Explanation:
Morphine is a schedule II (C-II) controlled substance with a severe risk of
abuse and dependence. Schedule III drugs have a lower abuse potential and
generally contain nonbarbiturate sedatives, nonamphetamine stimulants, and
limited amounts of certain narcotics. Schedule IV drugs are those with less
abuse potential than schedule III and limited dependence liability, including
some sedatives, antianxiety agents, and nonnarcotic analgesics. Schedule V
medications have limited abuse potential and are often found in small
amounts in antitussives or antidiarrheals. Federal law allows purchase
without a prescription directly from a pharmacist if the purchaser is over age
18 and furnishes suitable identification.
What term is used to describe drugs identified by their chemical or official
name in order to be independent of any manufacturer's assigned name?
brand
generic
prototype
trade Right Ans - generic
Explanation:
Individual drugs are known by the trade (brand) or generic names. Those
designated and patented by manufacturers are trade (brand) name drugs.
Generic drugs are independent of the manufacturer's trade or brand name.
Prototype is the term used to identify the first drug of a particular drug class
to be developed.
A nurse is preparing to administer morphine. The nurse understands that this
drug is categorized as which schedule of a controlled substance?
C-II
C-III
C-IV
C-V Right Ans - C-II
Explanation:
Morphine is a schedule II (C-II) controlled substance.
Which are true of nonprescription drugs? (Select all that apply.)
, They require a prescription to obtain.
They are referred to as over-the-counter drugs.
They can be taken without risk to the client.
They have certain labeling requirements.
They should be taken only as directed on the label. Right Ans - They are
referred to as over-the-counter drugs.
They have certain labeling requirements.
They should be taken only as directed on the label.
Explanation:
Nonprescription drugs are often referred to as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.
They do not require a prescription but do not come without risk to the client.
The federal government has imposed labeling requirements of OTC drugs and
should only be taken as directed on the label unless under the supervision of a
health care provider.
Which drug may be derived from an animal source?
digitalis
opium
morphine
insulin Right Ans - insulin
Explanation:
Insulin for treating diabetes was obtained exclusively from the pancreas of
cows and pigs, but now genetic engineering has allowed scientists to produce
human insulin by altering Escherichia coli bacteria. Digitalis, opium, and
morphine are derived from plant sources.
The nurse is working in a community outreach clinic. What should the nurse
teach a client about over-the-counter medications?
The only risks of OTC medications are associated with overdoses and drug
interactions.
They are best used to enhance the effects of prescription medications.
They are always more cost effective than prescription medications.
OTC medications are not risk free. Right Ans - OTC medications are not risk
free.
Explanation:
Over-the-counter, or OTC, medications are those that can be purchased
without a prescription. Because the individual can purchase these drugs
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