Exam (elaborations)
KPER 1400 - MIDTERM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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KPER 1400 - MIDTERM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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KPER 1400 - MIDTERM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERSLeisure - Answers- - Free time
- Freedom
- Activity
Why do we define leisure? - Answers- 1) Has relevance for your own life
2) Understand what it means as a foundation for your work
3) Understand the diversity of leisure
The historical continuum - Answers- - Latin = "Licere"
- Greek = Schole (To halt or cease)
Greco Roman Period (Classical Era) - Answers- - Leisure was the most highly valued
- Role of recreation was to replenish energy
- Recreation was a means to an end
- Cultivation of the mind
- Experience of leisure was based on cultivation of the mind
- Leisure is how we develop character
- Science was philosophical
- Education for leisure was pursued through philosophical thought
- Leisure is a thought experiment
Christianity - Answers- - Value of leisure shifted
- Essentially 2 types of lives:
1) Secular (every day)
2) Regular person
Renaissance - Answers- - Work becomes the noblest pursuit
- Start seeing a focus on the present world
- Leisure is a form of activity where people can refresh so they can go back to work
- A non-work activity
Reformation - Answers- - Reject catholic dualism of secular and spiritual life
- All activities can be sacred
Modern Leisure - Answers- - Activity
- Free time
- Social class symbol
Leisure as Activity - Answers- - Greco Roman influences
- Contributes to the betterment of society and characters
- Passive activities
- Activities that we engage in, in our free time
Leisure as Free Time - Answers- - Non obligated time
,- Industrial evolution influence:
> Work is a constructed place away from home and places where leisure can occur
> Going from hand production to machines
> Christian and Jewish concepts of the Sabbathh
Problems with leisure as free time: - Answers- - Some people experience leisure at
work
- Sometimes free time and leisure can be taken up with non-enjoyable activities (ex.
Bus that never shows up)
Leisure as a symbol of social class through conspicuous consumption - Answers- -
Main goal is to busy ourselves
- Leisure is thought to be an unproductive space
Mrs. Hugh Hammersley (1892)
John Singer Sargent - Answers- - Designed to show off that she can do nothing
- Sitting in a gown with gold pointed shoes
- No fingers lifted
- The abundance of evidence that shows us that she does not work or do labor of any
sort
- Can lead a life of leisure
- If you can pull this look off its shows that you are wealthy (high SES)
Conspicuous Consumption - Answers- - Leisure is a site of increasing consumption
- The display of the number of bags are from is more important than what was bought
(brands)
- Exempt from undignified work
- Proving wealth is extravagant
- "Can only be for the rich"
- ex. Lululemon
Problem with defining leisure as conspicuous consumption - Answers- - Is leisure
always consumption?
- We don't always choose, sometimes we do it naturally
Leisure as a state of mind - Answers- - Internal subjective experience that can happen
at work or in free time.
- Also called "optimal experience" or "subjective leisure"
John Neulinger's paradigm of leisure - Answers- 1) Pure job
2) Leisure job
3) Pure Leisure
Critic of his theory
- Lack of discriminate power (hard to separate some of the activities into categories)
,Pure Job - Answers- - Some kind of obligation
- ex. work
Leisure Job - Answers- - Extrinsically motivated to go but choosing to go
- ex. New years resolution
Pure Leisure - Answers- - Personal choice
- Intrinsically motivated
- ex. Hockey, sports you love
Mihalyi Cziksentmihayli - Answers- Flow:
- An experience of deep concentration
- Match between challenge and skill (and the nexus of these two things meeting)
- High challenge = anxiety
- Boredom = Have lots of skill but not challenged
Flow - Answers- - Optimal Experience
- Emerging of action and awareness (deep concentration where one may lose
consciousness of self)
Beyond challenge and skill - Answers- - Have to be intrinsically motivated (love the
sport)
Triggers or antecedents:
- A perceived challenge/ skill balance
- A sense of control
- Clear goals (rules are super clear before starting a game)
> ex. In music, it's clearly articulated what notes to play, when and for how long
- Intrinsic motivation:
> Perceiving personal choice
- Flow is caused by the challenge experienced in the activity
Immediate Conscious Experience - Answers- - A merging of action and awareness
- Deep conversation
- Loss of self-consciousness
- transformation of time
- Unambiguous feedback:
> Knowing what to do without having to think about it
- Flow is an optimal experience
- Flow = "In the zone"
> The ability to keep their head "in the game" is what separates a good athlete from a
great one.
Criticisms of flow - Answers- - Flow researchers claim that flow is across culture
, - Other researchers show a western cultural of autonomy (independence) and challenge
in order to experience flow
- Study done in 2004 (Monetta), Chinese college students vs. 12th graders
- Private experiences, little attention to social environment
- Focus on enjoyment without any consideration of the morality of the experience (e.g.,
video games or vandalism)
- Focuses on flow as the 'optimal experience' (what about meditation and relaxation?)
- Bias of autonomy to reach Flow
Differences in Optimal Growth - Answers- Chinese experience of Rumi:
- Fascinating
- Enchanting
Cultural Differences in Optimal Growth - Answers- Nonwestern cultures:
- High interpersonal relatedness impacts intrinsic motivation
Western cultures:
- High perceived freedom
- ex. Personal choice/ Independence
- Impacts intrinsic motivation
- Impacts intrinsic motivation positively influences the experience of flow
Feminism - Answers- - There are many feminisms
- Equity, empowerment and social change for all people
- Feminist leisure scholars = "Women are exploited and oppressed and have a universal
right to leisure"
> Focus on the emancipations of women
- Historically women have not had access to leisure due to exclusion from the workforce
and child care duties
> Women have been excluded from the workforce
Feminist critiques of Leisure - Answers- Free Time:
- Based on duality of paid work and leisure. Some women are stay at home moms
Activity:
- Obligations (ex. child care) and leisure are intertwined. Therefore, leisure is
fragmented or interrupted
- Often interrupted by situations like crying babies
State of Mind:
- Psychological experience is too individualistic and focuses on optimal experience
rather than relationships (and an ethic of care)
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