Exam (elaborations)
Pharmacology 5334 Module 5 Exam Questions And Accurate Answers
- Course
- Institution
Pharmacology 5334 Module 5 Exam Questions And Accurate Answers ...
[Show more]
Content preview
Pharmacology 5334 Module 5 Exam Questions AndAccurate Answers 2024-2025
Cardiac output-Answer Average adult: 5 L/minute; heart rate X stroke volume; HR
controlled by the ANS; SV: myocardial contractility, cardiac afterload, cardiac preload
Preload - Answer The end-diastolic volume/pressure represents the tension applied to a
muscle just before contraction. Stroke volume increases if preload increases and stroke
volume decreases if it decreases.
Afterload - Answer The arterial pressure that the left ventricle must overcome to eject
blood. When afterload increases, stroke volume decreases - and vice versa.
Basic functions of diuretics - Answer Purification of ECF and maintenance of ECF
volume and composition; maintenance of acid-base balance; excretion of metabolic
wastes and foreign substances
Three basic renal processes: Filtration occurs in the glomerulus, and reabsorption of
99% of water, electrolytes, and nutrients occurs at the glomerulus; active tubular
secretion occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule. One pumps organic acids; one
pumps bases.
Mechanism of Action of Diuretics: Blockade of sodium and chloride reabsorption; site of
action: proximal tubule, producing greatest diuresis. Adverse effects: hypovolemia,
acid-base imbalance, electrolyte imbalance
Four major classes of diuretics - Loops: furosemide; Thiazide: hydrochlorothiazide;
osmotic: mannitol; potassiumsparing: aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone) and
non-aldosterone antagonists (triamterene); carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Furosemide (Lasix) - Looped Most frequently prescribed loop diuretic. MOA: acts on
,ascending loop of Henle to block reabsorption. Pharmacokinetics: rapid onset (PO 60
min; IV 5 min); short half life (6 hours). Therapeutic uses: pulmonary edema, edematous
states, HTN
Furosemide side effects - Answer Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and dehydration;
hypotension; hypokalemia; ototoxicity
Furosemide drug interactions - Answer Digoxin, ototoxic drugs, potassium-sparing
diuretics, lithium, antihypertensive agents, NSAIDs
Other loop diuretics - Answer Ethacrynic acid, Bumetanide, Torsemide. All can cause:
ototoxicity, hypovolemia, hypotension, hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, and
disruption of lipid metabolism
Thiazide Diuretics (benzothiazides) - Answer Effects similar to those of loop diuretics:
increase renal excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, and water; elevate levels of
uric acid and glucose. Maximum diuresis is considerably lower than with loop diuretics.
Not effective when urine flow is scant.
Hydrochlorothiazide - Answer Most widely used thiazide diuretic. Action: early segment
distal convoluted tubule. Peaks in 4-6 hours. Therapeutic uses: essential HTN, edema,
diabetes insipidus
HCTZ side effects - Answer Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and dehydration;
hypokalemia; hyperglycemia; hyperuricemia
HCTZ drug interactions - Answer Digoxin; increases effects of hypertensive
medications; may decrease renal excretion of lithium (resulting in accumulation of
lithium); NSAIDs may diminish diuretic response; can be used with ototoxic agents
without risk of ototoxicity
Potassium-sparing diuretics - Useful responses: modest increase in urine production
and considerable reduction in potassium excretion. Seldom used alone for therapy.
Aldosterone antagonist: spironolactone. Non-aldosterone antagonists: triamterene and
, amiloride
Spironolactone - MOA: blocks aldosterone in the distal nephron; results in retention of
potassium; increased excretion of sodium. Uses: HTN, edematous states, HF, primary
hyperaldosteronism, premenstrual syndrome, PCOS, acne in young women, hirsutism
Spironolactone side effects Discussion Hyperkalemia, benign and malignant tumors,
endocrine effects. Drug interactions: thiazide and loop diuretics; agents that increase
potassium levels
Triamterene Discussion MOA: inhibits sodium-potassium exchange in the distal
nephron; acts as a direct inhibitor of the exchange mechanism; reduces sodium
reuptake; inhibits ion transport. Clinical uses: HTN, edema
Triamterene side effects Discussion Hyperkalemia, leg cramps, N/V, dizziness, blood
dycrasias
Amiloride - Answer MOA: inhibits sodium-potassium exchange in the distal nephron.
Use: opposes potassium loss induced by more potent diuretics. Adverse effects:
hyperkalemia. Drug interactions: ACE inhibitors; other drugs causing hyperkalemia.
Mannitol - Answer Osmotic diuretic. Induces diuresis by exerting osmotic pressure
within the lumen of the nephron. Must be administered IM/IV. Uses: prevention of renal
failure; decrease in intracranial and intraocular pressure.
Mannitol side effects Answer Edema, headache, nausea, vomiting, fluid and electrolyte
imbalance
Actions of aldosterone - Answer Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure; helps
with pathologic CV effects
ACE Inhibitors-Answer Regulation of BP via the RAAS; helps maintain BP during
hemorrhage, dehydration or sodium depletion. Acts by: contraction of renal blood
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Chrisyuis. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
84146 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now