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Microbiology Chapter 1 2024 Questions and Answers 2024
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Microbiology Chapter 1 2024
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Microbiology Chapter 1 2024What are microorganisms? - answer organisms that are too small to be seen with the
unaided eye
Briefly describe some benefits of microbes in our lives. - answer Decompose organic
waste.
Produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol
and acetone.
Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese,
and bread.
Produce products used in manufacturing
(e.g., cellulase) and treatment (e.g., insulin).
Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis.
Who was Antony Van Leeuwenhoek? - answer First to observe bacteria.
Drapery merchant.
Made simple magnifying glass.
Studied lake water.
Observed 'animalcules'!
Who was Robert Hooke? - answerFirst to observe a microorganism.
Also credited with discovery (next to Antony Van Leeunwenhoek).
Described 'microscopical mushroom' (common bread mold) in 1665.
Coined term "cell".
Published Micrographia, a book describing observations made with microscopes and
telescopes.
First person to visualize cells and fungi.
What does Aseptic mean? - answerKnowledge of microorganisms led to this.
Techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories.
Theory of Spontaneous generation: - answer"Life arises spontaneously from non-living
material". Detractors (disprovers) included Francesco Redi, Louis Pasteur, John
Tyndall.
Biogenesis: - answerLiving things come from living things. Pasteur's S-shaped flask
kept microbes out but let air in. Boiled infusions remained sterile despite opening to air.
Ended arguments that unheated air or broths contained "vital force" necessary for
spontaneous generation.
Accomplishments of Francesco Redi - answerItalian biologist and physician.
Demonstrated worms on rotting meat came from eggs of flies landing on meat. Took
, another 200 years to convincingly disprove spontaneous generation of microorganisms.
One reason: conflicting results between laboratories.
John Tyndall - answerEnglish physicist. Proved Pasteur correct. Sterilizing broths
required different times. Concluded that some microorganisms could exist in two forms:
a cell that is readily killed by boiling, and one that is heat resistant. Realized hay
infusions contained heat-resistant microbes.
Ferdinand Cohn - answerGerman botanist. Discovered endospores.
Fermentation - answerPasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation.
Is the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine.
Pasteurization - answerapplication of a high heat for a short time.
Contribution of Ignaz Semmelweis - answeradvocated hand washing to prevent
transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another. Gave his life to prove
this.
Joseph Lister - answerApplying Pasteur's work showing that microbes are in the air, can
spoil food, and cause animal diseases, used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical
wound infections.
Robert Koch and Koch's postulates - answerproved that a bacterium (Bacillus anthracis)
causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, "Koch's postulates", to prove that
a specific microbe causes a specific disease.Introduces pure culture techniques.
Steps to Kochs postulates - answer1. The microorganism must be found in abundance
in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy
organisms.
2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure
culture.
3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy
organism.
4. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental
host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
Jenner and Vaccination - answerinoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was then
protected from smallpox.
Vaccination is derived from vacca, for cow.
The protection is called immunity.
Erlich and "magic bullet" - answerDeveloped a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to
treat syphilis. Could destroy a pathogen without harming the host.
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