Exam (elaborations)
Microbiology Exam 2 Questions and Answers 2024
- Course
- Institution
Exam of 24 pages for the course microbiology at microbiology (Microbiology Exam 2)
[Show more]
Content preview
Microbiology Exam 2Are Viruses Living or Nonliving? - answer They are only considered living when they are
inside of a host cell, using their resources and energy.
Outside of a host they are considered intert.
When are Viruses considered to be "alive"? - answer When they are inside of a host
cell.
When inside, their nucleic acid (ONLY RNA OR DNA) become active.
*Virus replicates
Obligatory Intracellular Parasites - answer Require living host cell in order to multiply -
Such as Viruses.
Defining a Virus - answer1) Contains 1 Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA)
2) Protein coat surrounds the DNA or RNA
3)Multiply within host using host machinery
---because they don't have the ways of making/obtaining their own nutrients. like ATP
or enzymes.
Virus Characteristics - answer*Some are enclosed by an envelope which consists of
lipids, proteins, carbohydrates
*some have spikes
*only infect the cells of ONE host.
Host Range - answerThe spectrum of host cells that a virus can infect.
-invertebrates
-vertebrates
-plants
-protist
-fungi
-bacteria
The virus must be able to attach to a the particular host's cell.
**Host range is determined b specific attachment sites on the host cell's surface
Bacteriophages - answerBacteria that is infected by a virus
,How do Viruses attach to a host cell - answerThrough receptors on the host cell's
surface.
There must be an interaction.
Capsid - answerProtein coat that surrounds the Nucleic Acid of a virus. (not the whole
virus itself. That's an envelope.)
****Made up of individualized Capsomeres****
*accounts for most of the mass of a viral cell.
Capsomeres - answerProtein subunits that make up a capsid
(think of tiny balls that come together to make a huge coating around the Nucleic Acid)
*capsomeres can be made up of multiple types of proteins or one single type of protein
Envelope - answerSurrounds the virus as a whole.
*Synonymus to a somatic cell's Plasma Membrane. But around a virus.
***Composed of proteins, lipids and carbs.
*Could be covered in spikes
NOT ALL VIRUSES HAVE ENVELOPES
Spikes - answerCover the envelope of the cell
Composed of protein and carbohydrates.
-Used for attachment to the host cell
Spikes differ, and can be identified as different virus by the host body. That's why you
can get the flu more than once a year, there's a change in spikes.
-Can be used for identification for some virsus under microscope.
Helical Capsid - answerLong rods that are flexible and rigid
These surround the Nucleic Acid.
*Capsids are hollow cylinders surrounding the nucleic acid.
*CAN OR CANNOT HAVE A ENVELOPE.
Without envelope = they look like long noodles, because it's just the capsid and no
sphereical shape
, WITH the envelope = they look like balls, but with their Nucleic acids all tangled inside.
Polyhedrical Capsid - answerThese are icosahedron, and are 20 triangle shapes, with
12 corners.
THEY CAN BE WITH OR WITHOUT ENVELOPE
-Without envelope, you can see their individual caposomere and their many different
triangular faces of the Capsid
WITH envelope, they appear ordinarily spherical, and like a normal cell. (Some have
spikes)
Complex Capsid - answerThey have a variety of weird shapes within the one virus cell,
and look just straight up weird.
They can be bacteriaphages and just look mutuant
Family names suffix for Taxonomy - answer-viridae
Ex. Herpesviridae
Genus name suffix Taxonomy - answer-virus
Genus Simplexvirus
Ex. Herpesvirus
Viral species - answerA group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and
ecological niche (niche=host)
Viral species are designated by descriptive common names, such as human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV),
Subspecies - answerThey are determined by the NUMBER that is attached to the
specific genus of the family. These are viruses that can affect humans
HIV-1, HIV-2
Plaque - answerAreas of clearing where the the virus has killed the bacteria
PFU - answerPlaque Forming Unit
*Concentrations of viral suspensions measured by the number of plaques
Cytopathic Effect - answerCPE
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller julianah420. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $13.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
67096 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now