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PHMD 2350 - Final Exam Questions and
Answers 100% Solved
The most significant determinants of health are what two factors? -
✔✔Social and economic factors
Population health encompasses what 3 concepts? - ✔✔1. Health outcomes
of a group of individuals
2. Distribution of outcomes within the group
3. The importance and management of non-clinical factors in outcomes
It is impossible to quantify the societal contribution of what factors? -
✔✔Social determinants
Many social determinants of health are ________ through _______ -
✔✔Modifiable, policy
_______ influence health outcomes and/or have influence on social
determinants - ✔✔Policies
Income and education are strongly associated with what determinant of
health? - ✔✔The mother's education level
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Income is strongly associated with the prevalence of what two diseases? -
✔✔Diabetes and heart disease
Babies whose mothers who did not finish high school have higher rates of
what compared to those who finished college? - ✔✔Infant mortality
When you see major changes in social determinants over time, this
suggests what two things? - ✔✔1. It could be a result of shifting policies
2. It could be modifiable through another shift in policies
Triple Aim - ✔✔- Improve the health of populations
- Improve the patient experience of care
- Reduce the per capita cost of health care
The expanded chronic care model adds more ________ and _______
elements to Wagner's earlier model - ✔✔Non-clinical and community based
Actions affecting one or more determinants of health - ✔✔Health promotion
What is the goal of health promotion? - ✔✔To enable people to maintain or
improve their physical, mental, or social well-being
Health promotion is not the same as ________ - ✔✔Disease treatment
5 levels of health promotion - ✔✔1. Individual
2. Community
3. State
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4. National
5. Global
Community level health promotion: goal/rationale, target, interventions and
outcomes - ✔✔- Goal: an individual's immediate environment can enable or
inhibit healthy behaviors
- Target: community infrastructure
- Interventions: improve parks, safer neighborhoods
- Outcomes: obesity rates, teen violence, etc.
State and national level health promotion: goal/rationale, target,
interventions and outcomes - ✔✔- Goal: resource allocations or regulations
can improve community services
- Target: infrastructure or services
- Interventions: budgets, laws, restrictions
- Outcomes: air quality, drinking water quality, etc.
Global level level health promotion: goal/rationale, target, interventions and
outcomes - ✔✔- Goal: prevent illness or injury
- Target: imported products, toys, food, medicine
- Intervention: bilateral trade, standards for imported products, cGMPs
- Outcomes: reduced exposure to contamination, fewer reports of defective
products
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Difference between health promotion and disease prevention - ✔✔Health
promotion optimizes overall health, disease prevention aims to reduce the
occurrence and impact of specific diseases
Health-to-death continuum - ✔✔Perfect health, moderate health, marginal
health (health promotion), exposure/lifestyle risks (primary), early disease
(secondary), late disease (tertiary), death
3 levels of disease prevention - ✔✔primary, secondary, tertiary
Primary prevention: goal, rationale, target, interventions and outcomes -
✔✔- Goal: to reduce the number of new cases of a specific illness
- Rationale: by reducing exposure rates or increasing resistance, we can
reduce the number of new cases
- Target: those who are most likely to be exposed
- Intervention: remove risk, educate
- Outcome: reduced incidence of exposure and disease
Secondary prevention: goal, rationale, target, interventions and outcomes -
✔✔- Goal: to reduce the number of new cases or reduce the number of
severe cases
- Rationale: by reducing exposures and early disease, morbidity and
mortality can be reduced
