HSM 331 Midterm Exam #2 Questions
and Answers 100% Correct
Key components of Epidemiology - ANSWER-distribution, determinant, and frequency
of disease
Epidemiology can be used to: - ANSWER-explain the cause of diseases, search for
factors or events that bring about a change in health, develop interventions to control
the distribution of disease
Surveillance data sources for Covid-19 Pandemic - ANSWER-Ambulatory/outpatient
care centers, Workplace absenteeism
Local health departments
Quarantining - ANSWER-restriction of the activities of well persons or animals who have
been exposed to a case of communicable disease during its period of communicability
to prevent disease transmission
Reporting - ANSWER-uses past and current data to gain insight into potential medical
issues before they occur
Isolation - ANSWER-separation of infected persons or animals from others under such
conditions to prevent or limit transmission of the infectious anent
Contact Tracking - ANSWER-locates and treats people who have had close or intimate
contact with a known case of an infectious disease
Characteristics of a Pandemic - ANSWER-epidemic occurring worldwide, or a very wide
area, and usually affecting a large number of people
What is case series? - ANSWER-a type of study that describes the characteristics of a
small group of patients in a clinical setting with the same disease or symptoms
What is a cohort? - ANSWER-a type of epidemiological study in which a group of
people with a common characteristic is followed over time to find how many reach a
certain health outcome of interest (disease, condition, event)
What is case report? - ANSWER-a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis,
treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient
, What is a cross-sectional study - ANSWER-a type of study designed to estimate the
prevalence of disease and examine the relationship between health outcomes and other
variables in a population
What is considered for descriptive epidemiology - ANSWER-person, place, or time
characteristics
Demographic transition - ANSWER-the transition from high to low fertility (and mortality)
rates in a country
Population Pyramid - ANSWER-intended to provide a quick overall comprehension of
age and sex structure in the population
Epidemiology transition - ANSWER-the shift in the pattern of morbidity and mortality
from causes related primarily to infectious and communicable diseases to causes
associated with chronic, degenerative diseases
Dynamic population - ANSWER-A population that gains and loses members
What is a descriptive study? - ANSWER-observational studies which describe the
patterns of disease occurrence in relation to variables such as person, place and time
Differences between the characterization of the frequency of disease - ANSWER-
Temporal (represents change over a long period of time), cyclic (related to the seasons)
and cluster (aggregations of relatively uncommon events or diseases in space and/or
time in amounts that are believed or perceived to be greater than expected
Calculation for case fatality rate (the proportion of cases of a specified condition which
are fatal within a specified time) - ANSWER-# of deaths from a disease/# of diagnosed
cases of that disease x 100
Calculation for Proportional Mortality Ratio - ANSWER-mortality due to a specific cause
during a time period/mortality due to all causes during the same period x 100
Calculation for Standardized mortality ratio - ANSWER-observed deaths/expected
deaths x 100
Calculation for infant mortality rate (measure of the yearly rate of deaths in children less
than one year old) - ANSWER-# of deaths in a year of children less than one year of
age/ # of live births in the same year x 1000
Calculation for maternal mortality rate (the risk of dying from causes associated with
childbirth) - ANSWER-# of deaths from puerperal causes in a given geographic area
during a given year/ # of live births that occurred among the population of the given
geographic area during the same year x 1000
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