ANW8020 Study Guide 2 Questions And
All Correct Answers.
Vulvar cancer risk factors - Answer *Human papillomavirus (HPV) - primarily types 16, 18, 31
*Cigarette smoking
*Multiple lifetime sexual partners
*Previous STI history or exposure
*Previous vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
*Lichen sclerosus
*Paget's disease
*Malignant melanoma
*Bartholin's cyst
*Primarily postmenopausal (>60% cases in women >60 years old)
Medical therapies of uterine fibroids - Answer ■(does not make fibroids go away, but rather aids
symptom control):
●Progestogens - oral or IUD - targets heavy bleeding; IUD may improve dysmenorrhea; IUD
contraindicated with submucosal fibroid(s)
●GnRH agonists (Lupron, Synarel, Zoladex) - targets shrinking of fibroid; may control heavy bleeding;
only approved for 3 months; effect is only temporary; used prior to surgery or fertility treatment
●Selective estrogen reuptake modulators (SERMs) - off label use; targets shrinking fibroid volume; may
increase cancer risk
●Selective progesterone reuptake modulators (SPRMs) - off label use; targets shrinking fibroid volume;
may increase cancer risk
Vulvar cancer signs and symptoms - Answer *Often asymptomatic
*Vulvar lump/mass - may or may not be painful
*Prolonged vulvar pruritus and vulvar bleeding
*Discharge
*Dysuria
*Raised lesion - warty, ulcerated, or fleshy; varies in color from white to gray, red to brown, or black.
*Single or multiple lesions may be present
*Groin lymphadenopathy may be present
Vulvar cancer Diagnostic Evaluation - Answer *Visual inspection of vulva for lesions
*Lesion biopsy
*Colposcopy may assist in defining extent of disease and assess associative disease of the vagina and
cervix
*CT, MRI, or PET scan of pelvis to detect lymphadenopathy, erosion, and staging of the cancer
vaginal cancer risk factors - Answer -Human papillomavirus (HPV)
-Age 50 and 70 y.o
-multiple lifetime sexual partners
-early age at first intercourse
-current smoker
-Cervical cancer
-Previous radiation therapy
-Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
, Vaginal Cancer Screening - Answer Cervical cytology (or vaginal cytology if the cervix has been
removed) annually.
Vaginal colposcopy and biopsy are indicated if abnormalities are noted on physical examination.
Vaginal Cancer prevention - Answer -Gardasil to prevent cervical cancer and vaginal precancer and
cancer.
-Regular gynecologic examinations
-Quit smoking
Vaginal Cancer signs and symptoms - Answer Vaginal bleeding is the most common clinical
presentation of vaginal cancer.
-Many women are asymptomatic.
-Abnormal vaginal discharge
-Difficulty or pain when urinating
-Pain during sexual intercourse
-Abnormal bowel function
Vaginal Cancer Diagnostic Evaluation - Answer - pelvic examination
-vaginal cytology
- vaginal biopsy
*Definitive diagnosis is accomplished by biopsy
Endometrial Cancer - Answer malignant tumor of the endometrium (also called uterine cancer)
Endometrial cancer risk factors - Answer *Obesity*
- physical inactivity
- long term unopposed exposure to estrogen (unopposed by progesterone)
- estrogen therapy unopposed use for five or more years increases risk by 20%
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