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Radiation Safety in the OR Questions with Solutions
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Radiation Safety in the OR
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Radiation Safety in the OROverall radiation exposure within the U.S. - answer- has more than doubled over the
last 30 years
Reason why the exposure from medical radiation, to patients and anesthesia providers
has tripled - answer- increased patient hospital visits, patients with multiple
comorbidities, and increase in ancillary areas needing anesthesia coverage
Anode - answer- the (+) charged side of the x-ray tube which contains the tungsten
target
Cathode - answer- the (-) charged side of the x-ray tube that contains the filament
where the electrons are boiled off
Electromagnetic radiation is divided into 2 categories - answer- ionizing radiation
- non-ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation - answer- causes cellular injury
- x-rays and y-rays
Non-ionizing radiation - answer- harmless
- visible light, ultrasound, and MRI
Low frequency magnetic fields - answer- data not yet available to determine safety of
long term exposure to high intensity magnetic fields, even though pregnant patients are
allowed for single studies
- MRI ( no radiation in MRIs)
Regulatory authority for radiation safety - answer- occupational safety in general comes
under the jurisdiction of OSHA
The US Center for Devices and Radiological Health falls under what and do: - answer-
FDA
- they set standards for new equipment that produces radiation
- this agency does not set occupational dose limits for workers who use the equipment
USNRC (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission) - answer- regulates the
production of radioactive materials that come from nuclear reactors as well as safety of
people who are exposed to the radiations from these materials
- states have the authority to regulate radiation safety of all sources
, - at local levels, institutions can create their own policies that are more strict than federal
and state regulations for the purpose of keeping radiation exposures AS LOW AS
REASONABLY ACHIEVABLE (ALARA)
The annual occupational effective dose limit is - answer5,000mrem/year
The cumulative dose limit is - answer1,000mrem x age
X-rays - answer- generated when electrons are boiled off from a heated filament within
the cathode and this is expressed in mAs (milliamps/sec)
- are produced by accelerating electrons from a cathode to an anode within an
evacuated glass tube which is covered by a shield of lead and steel
- ionizing radiation
How does the primary x-ray beam exit - answer- through a small opening in the shield
called the RADIATION PORT
X-ray diagnostics - answer- information is provided by the FRACTION of the primary
beam that passes through the patient and enters the image intensifier to create an
image on the film
X-ray image - answer- is a negative image
- dense objects such as bone and metal fragments display brighter because they block
more of the beam reducing the films exposure
- calcium in the bone blocks the x-ray completely and creates a white shadow on the
film
Objects that block x-rays - answerRADIOPAQUE
Those that pass x-rays - answerRADIOLUCENT
X-ray production - answer- accelerated electrons bombard the anode
- emerge with a scattering angle profile
- beam collimation is inserted to reduce angle and degree of divergence (to a narrow
cone)
Scattered radiation - answer- is the portion of the x-ray beam that changes direction and
exits from all sides of the patient
- main beam is the chief radiation hazard to the patient, but this is the greatest hazard to
health-care workers
Ionization - answer- process of passing or subtracting electrons from atoms or
molecules, creating negatively or positively charged ions
Radiation exposure - answer- measured by the ionization produced in a unit mass of air
- the conventional unit of radiation exposure is the roentgen (R)
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