Exam (elaborations)
GFACT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
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Exam of 51 pages for the course GFACT at GFACT (GFACT)
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GFACT/ qn - answer Don’t launch with a graphical user interface.
/i - answer Don’t try to run as administrator, run as a normal user instead (this won't
matter because of Always Install Elevated).
/quiet - answer Don’t show the user any messages.
1024?! - answer1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes. IEC introduced KiB instead: 1 byte is 8 bits. 1
kibibyte (KiB) is 1024 bytes. 1 mebibyte (MiB) is 1024 kibibytes. 1 gibibyte (GiB) is 1024
mebibytes. 1 tebibyte (TiB) is 1024 gibibytes.
Active Directory - answer A system that allows the server to communicate with Windows
desktops, allowing the administrator to easily configure all the connected desktops from
one location, amongst other uses which we will cover in future modules. Active
Directory allows administrators to configure settings on Windows desktops that are
connected to a Windows server.
Adding a new user - answer Adding a new user is as simple as running: net user /add
<username> <password> This command will create a new user and set the password to
what you specified. You can do so much more when creating users this way, such as
configuring account expiry and setting times where the account can log on.
Add-ins - answerMicrosoft Word allows for third parties to write 'add-ins', which extend
the functionality of Microsoft Word.
Advanced Memory Forensics with Volatility - answerVolatility is one of the most widely
used memory forensics tools. Useful Volatility commands: imageinfo - vol.py or volatility
-f memdump.mem imageinfo
Aliases - answerPowerShell comes with several aliases set up for common cmdlets.
cat, cd, dir, ls, rm
Alternate Number Bases - answerWe are very used to counting in base 10, but other
number bases like base 16 (hex) or base 2 (binary) are incredibly useful in computing.
Alternative Search Engines - answerNo two search engines are the same. Alternative
Search Engines - Google, Bing, Yahoo, DuckDuckGo, archive.org
AlwaysInstall Elevated - answerSome administrators will configure this so that users
can install software on their computers without administrator approval.
,Analytics - answerCollecting stats and analysing interactions on a web server.
Anti Forensics - answerCyber criminals improve and modify their operational security
(OpSec) in order to avoid being caught. NotPetya is part of the Petya family of
encrypting ransomware that targets Microsoft Windows based systems.
APFS - answerThe Apple File System supports permissions and encryption, and
duplicate files can be stored without using additional space, with changes to one copy of
a file being saved as a delta (the difference between the old file and the new file) to
lower space requirements.
Application Layer - answerAn example of an application layer protocol is something like
HTTP or FTP. HTTP GET request is an application layer protocol because the web
browser will form the request necessary for displaying a page or submitting a form.
apropos - answerThe 'apropos' tool is used to search man pages for keywords, usually
to find the 'appropriate' tool to use in a particular situation. The 'apropos' command is
used to find the 'appropriate' tool for a particular job.
apt-get - answerThe apt command is incredibly useful to rapidly find, install, or remove
software. The way 'apt' works is by having a list of 'sources'; these are servers which
contain information about available packages, download links and version information.
'apt update' only updates the list of available packages.
Arguments - answerThe 'argc' variable is an integer which contains the number of
arguments passed to the program when it was executed. The 'argv' array contains the
data passed in.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - answerThe Arithmetic Logic Unit is the part of the CPU
responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations.
ARP - answerThe Address Resolution Protocol translates IP addresses to MAC
addresses for transmission purposes. ARP is only for the local network.
ARP Cache - answerARP (address resolution protocol) is a protocol used on local
networks to map IP addresses to MAC addresses. When a computer receives an ARP
response, it saves it into the ARP cache.
ARP Spoofing / Poisoning - answerThe flaw in the ARP protocol comes because, if an
ARP response is sent to a computer, it will store that value in its ARP cache even if it
didn't make an ARP request asking for a response.
Arrays - answerIn C, you have to specify the type of the array when you create it, and it
can only ever hold that type of data. You can't mix and match within the same array.
,AS - answerThe AS keyword is used to assign an alias to a table or field.They are used
to make long SQL statements more readable, more descriptive or set the table
headings for a query to make the results more descriptive.
ASCII - answerAmerican Standard Code for Information Interchange. A table that maps
binary to characters. Originally 7 bits wide for up 127 characters. Now is 8 bits wide and
up to 255 characters.
ASLR - answerAddress Space Layout Randomisation is a protection that involves
randomising the memory addresses that a program gets loaded into on each run.
Assertions - answerThe assert function will cause the program to crash with the error
message we provided if a condition is not met.
Asymmetric cryptography - answerAsymmetric cryptography, you have two keys, a
public and a private. You can lock the message with whichever one you would like, but
you must unlock it with the opposite key.
Asymmetric Encryption - answerAsymmetric encryption: every party generates two
encryption keys: one is private and one is public. The public encryption key is the one
you send to whoever needs to communicate with you securely. The private encryption
key should remain private only to you.
Audio Steganography - answerAudio steganography is a technique used to embed
secret messages into digital audio. There are various methods of audio steganography,
such as LSB and Echo Hiding.
Authoritative Name Servers - answerA name server that is authoritative for a domain is
one that controls the mapping between the domain name and the IP address. It has the
final say on where the domain points.
Authoritative nameserver - answerThe authoritative nameserver will retrieve the specific
IP address of the origin server for the provided web domain name, which the resolver
will pass back to the client.
Automatically Decoding Encoding - answerThe purpose of encoding is to enable us to fit
data that we need to store or transmit within a set of constraints that are suitable to the
storage or transmission medium. Encoding is often used with encryption to make the
results transmissible.
Base 64 - answerBase64 is a group of binary to text encoding systems that represent
binary data in ASCII format. Each Base64 digit represents 6 bits of data; three 8 bit
bytes can therefore be represented by four 6 bit Base64 digits.
Binary - answerCounting in binary is very similar to counting in denary. First, let's
calculate the headings: 2^0 = 1 (Anything to the power of 0 is 1.) 2^1 = 2 (Anything to
, the power of 1 is itself!) 2^2 = 4. 2^3 = 8 (2 x 2 x 2 = 8). 2^4 = 16 (2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16). 1
KiB is 1024 bytes because 2^10 = 1024
Binary to Denary - answer
BIOS - answerBasic Input Output System, is a program stored on the motherboard of
your computer. When the computer is first turned on, it is the first program that is
loaded, and prepares, or initialises, the hardware ready to load the bootloader. Modern
computers use UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface).
Bits - answerThe smallest unit of data stored on a computer system. Only be two
possible values stored in a single bit: a '1' or '0'. Known as a 'boolean', or 'bool', can only
have two values. 4 bits (half a byte) is a nibble,1 byte is 8 bits, 1 kilobyte (kB) is 1000
bytes, 1 megabyte (MB) is 1000 kilobytes, 1 gigabyte (GB) is 1000 megabytes, 1
terabyte (TB) is 1000 gigabytes.
Block Storage - answerBlock storage is one of the more common forms of storage you
will see on the cloud. It is also utilised in a Storage Area Network (SAN).
Blue Team - answerDefensive; responsible for setting up secure network infrastructure,
monitoring this infrastructure and responding to attacks.
Boolean Logic - answerA boolean value is a value that can be either true or false. This
kind of value is perfect for computers, which talk in bits: either a 1 or a 0. In other words,
bits are Boolean values, like a switch they can be either on or off.
Bootkits - answerIf malware can run at a high enough privilege level, it can write directly
to the disk without having to use the file system as an intermediary.
Bootloader - answerA program that is loaded by the BIOS when a computer is first
turned on, and is responsible for loading the operating system. Installed at the same
time as the operating system, on the hard drive.
Branches - answerBranches in Git allow you to work on specific features independently,
without touching the code in master.
Break - answerUsing a keyword allows us to immediately break out of a loop without
executing any more code inside it, or requiring us to check the condition.
Breaking Encryption - answerThe first method is to find a flaw in the encryption
algorithm. The other way to break encryption is to guess the encryption key that was
used.
Buffer Overflows 1 - answerA buffer overflow comes when the user can input something
into the program.
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