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Samenvatting Neuro- en cognitieve wetenschappen ua
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Complete en uitgebreide Samenvatting Neuro- en cognitieve wetenschappen universiteit Antwerpen. Behaalde resultaat: 16/20.
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CLINICAL NEUROANATOMY & NEUROSCIENCE—————————————————
SAMENVATTING
YOUNES STAEPELS
Younes Staepels 1
,Inhoudsopgave
HOOFDSTUK 3: MESENCEPHALON, PONS, MEDULLA SPINALIS ........................................................................ 7
HERSENSTAM...................................................................................................................................................... 7
RUGGENMERG .................................................................................................................................................... 9
CEREBELLUM ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
HOOFDSTUK 4: MENINGEN, CSV & LUMBALE PUNCTIE ................................................................................. 10
DURA MATER .................................................................................................................................................... 10
INNERVATIE ................................................................................................................................................. 10
ARACHNOIDEA .................................................................................................................................................. 13
PIA MATER ........................................................................................................................................................ 13
SUBARACHNOÏDALE CISTERNEN ....................................................................................................................... 14
NERVUS OPTICUS .............................................................................................................................................. 14
SPINALE MENINGEN ......................................................................................................................................... 14
CSV CIRCULATIE ................................................................................................................................................ 15
HOOFDSTUK 5: BLOEDVOORZIENING VAN DE HERSENEN .............................................................................. 16
ARTERIEEL – TELENCEPHALON ......................................................................................................................... 16
A. CEREBRI ANTERIOR............................................................................................................................. 17
A. CEREBRI MEDIA .................................................................................................................................. 17
A. CEREBRI POSTERIOR ........................................................................................................................... 18
OVERZICHT ................................................................................................................................................... 18
ARTERIEEL – RHOMBCEPHALON ....................................................................................................................... 19
VENEUZE DRAINAGE ......................................................................................................................................... 20
REGELING BLOEDFLOW .................................................................................................................................... 20
BLOEDHERSENBARRIÈRE .................................................................................................................................. 21
PERICYTEN ................................................................................................................................................... 21
FUNCTIES ..................................................................................................................................................... 21
HOOFDSTUK 6: NEURONEN & NEUROGLIA.................................................................................................... 22
NEURONEN ....................................................................................................................................................... 22
INTRACELLULAIR TRANSPORT........................................................................................................................... 22
ELEKTRISCHE SYNAPS........................................................................................................................................ 23
CHEMISCHE SYNAPS ......................................................................................................................................... 23
NEUROGLIACELLEN ........................................................................................................................................... 24
ASTROCYTEN ................................................................................................................................................ 24
OLIGODENDROCYTEN .................................................................................................................................. 24
MICROGLIA .................................................................................................................................................. 25
EPENDYMCELLEN ......................................................................................................................................... 25
OVERZICHT........................................................................................................................................................ 25
HOOFDSTUK 9: PERIFERE ZENUWEN ............................................................................................................. 26
ALGEMEEN ........................................................................................................................................................ 26
MICROSCOPIE ................................................................................................................................................... 27
Younes Staepels 2
, CONDUCTIE ....................................................................................................................................................... 27
DEGENERATIE & REGENERATIE ........................................................................................................................ 28
PERIFERE DE- & REGENERATIE ..................................................................................................................... 28
CENTRALE DE- & REGENERATIE ................................................................................................................... 29
HOOFDSTUK 10: INNERVATIE VAN SPIEREN & GEWRICHTEN......................................................................... 30
MOTORISCHE INNERVATIE ............................................................................................................................... 30
SENSORISCHE INNERVATIE ............................................................................................................................... 32
PASSIEVE STRETCH ....................................................................................................................................... 32
ACTIEVE STRETCH ........................................................................................................................................ 32
SPIER – PEES JUNCTIE ....................................................................................................................................... 33
VRIJE ZENUWUITEINDEN .................................................................................................................................. 33
INNERVATIE VAN GEWRICHTEN ....................................................................................................................... 34
HOOFDSTUK 11: INNERVATIE VAN HUID ....................................................................................................... 35
SENSORISCHE EENHEDEN ................................................................................................................................. 35
ZENUWUITEINDEN............................................................................................................................................ 35
VRIJE ZENUWUITEINDEN ............................................................................................................................. 35
FOLLICULAIRE ZENUWUITEINDEN ............................................................................................................... 35
MERKEL ZENUWUITEINDEN ......................................................................................................................... 35
OMKAPSELDE ZENUWUITEINDEN ................................................................................................................ 36
HOOFDSTUK 12: ELEKTRODIAGNOSTISCH ONDERZOEK ................................................................................. 37
ZENUWCONDUCTIESTUDIES ............................................................................................................................. 37
BOVENSTE LIDMAAT .................................................................................................................................... 37
ONDERSTE LIDMAAT .................................................................................................................................... 40
H-RESPONS .................................................................................................................................................. 40
ELEKTROMYOGRAFIE ........................................................................................................................................ 41
SPIERDENERVATIE............................................................................................................................................. 41
HOOFDSTUK 13: AUTONOOM ZENUWSTELSEL .............................................................................................. 42
INDELING .......................................................................................................................................................... 42
ORTHOSYMPATHISCH ZENUWSTELSEL ............................................................................................................. 42
PARASYMPATHISCH ZENUWSTELSEL ................................................................................................................ 43
NEUROTRANSMISSIE IN CZS ............................................................................................................................. 43
GANGLIONAIRE TRANSMISSIE ..................................................................................................................... 43
JUNCTIONELE TRANSMISSIE ........................................................................................................................ 43
ANDERE SOORTEN NEURONEN ........................................................................................................................ 44
IMMUUNSYSTEEM ............................................................................................................................................ 45
VISCERALE PIJN ................................................................................................................................................. 45
PURE VISCERALE PIJN................................................................................................................................... 45
GEREFEREERDE PIJN..................................................................................................................................... 45
VISCEROSOMATISCHE PIJN .......................................................................................................................... 45
GEVOELIGHEID ............................................................................................................................................. 45
TOEPASSINGEN ................................................................................................................................................. 45
INNERVATIE VAN HET HART......................................................................................................................... 45
ENTERISCH ZENUWSTELSEL ......................................................................................................................... 46
BLAASCONTROLE ......................................................................................................................................... 46
Younes Staepels 3
, ERECTIE ........................................................................................................................................................ 46
HOOFDSTUK 14: ZENUWWORTELS & DERMATOMEN .................................................................................... 48
EMBRYOLOGIE .................................................................................................................................................. 48
VOLWASSEN ANATOMIE................................................................................................................................... 49
DISTRIBUTIE VAN SPINALE ZENUWEN .............................................................................................................. 50
HOOFDSTUK 15: STIJGENDE PATHWAYS ....................................................................................................... 52
ALGEMEEN ........................................................................................................................................................ 52
STIJGENDE SENSORISCHE PATHWAYS .............................................................................................................. 53
DCML PATHWAY .......................................................................................................................................... 55
TRACTUS SPINOTHALAMICUS ...................................................................................................................... 55
TRACTUS SPINORETICULARIS ....................................................................................................................... 56
SPINOCEREBELLAIRE PATHWAYS ................................................................................................................. 56
OVERIGE STIJGENDE PATHWAYS ...................................................................................................................... 57
HOOFDSTUK 16: DALENDE PATHWAYS ......................................................................................................... 58
ALGEMEEN ........................................................................................................................................................ 58
DALENDE MOTORISCHE PATHWAYS................................................................................................................. 59
TRACTUS CORTICOSPINALIS ......................................................................................................................... 59
TRACTUS RETICULOSPINALIS ....................................................................................................................... 60
TRACTUS TECTOSPINALIS ............................................................................................................................. 60
TRACTUS VESTIBULOSPINALIS ..................................................................................................................... 60
TRACTUS RAPHESPINALIS ............................................................................................................................ 60
AMINERGE PATHWAYS ................................................................................................................................ 60
CENTRALE AUTONOME PATHWAYS............................................................................................................. 60
BLOEDVOORZIENING VAN HET RUGGENMERG ................................................................................................ 61
HOOFDSTUK 17: HERSENSTAM ..................................................................................................................... 62
DCML PATHWAY ............................................................................................................................................... 62
TRACTUS CORTICOSPINALIS .............................................................................................................................. 63
HOOFDSTUK 18: CRANIALE ZENUWEN (IX – X – XI – XII) ................................................................................ 65
NERVUS HYPOGLOSSUS (XII) ............................................................................................................................. 65
NERVUS ACCESSORIUS (XI) ............................................................................................................................... 65
NERVUS GLOSSOPHARYNGEUS......................................................................................................................... 65
NERVUS VAGUS ................................................................................................................................................ 66
HOOFDSTUK 21: NERVUS TRIGEMINALIS....................................................................................................... 67
MOTOR NUCLEUS ............................................................................................................................................. 67
SENSORISCHE NUCLEI ....................................................................................................................................... 67
NUCLEUS MESENCEPHALICUS ..................................................................................................................... 67
NUCLEUS PONTIS ......................................................................................................................................... 67
NUCLEUS SPINALIS ....................................................................................................................................... 67
INNERVATIE VAN CEREBRALE ARTERIËN .......................................................................................................... 68
TRACTUS TRIGEMINOTHALAMICUS .................................................................................................................. 68
KAUWPROCES ................................................................................................................................................... 68
Younes Staepels 4
, OVERZICHT........................................................................................................................................................ 69
HOOFDSTUK 22: NERVUS FACIALIS................................................................................................................ 70
INLEIDING ......................................................................................................................................................... 70
FACIALE REFLEXEN ............................................................................................................................................ 70
NERVUS INTERMEDIUS ..................................................................................................................................... 70
HOOFDSTUK 23: OCULAIRE ZENUWEN .......................................................................................................... 71
NERVUS OCULOMOTORIUS (III) ........................................................................................................................ 71
NERVUS TROCHLEARIS (IV) ............................................................................................................................... 71
NERVUS ABDUCENS (VI) ................................................................................................................................... 71
PUPILREFLEX ..................................................................................................................................................... 72
DICHTBIJ & VERAF............................................................................................................................................. 72
HOOFDSTUK 24: FORMATIO RETICULARIS ..................................................................................................... 73
INLEIDING ......................................................................................................................................................... 73
PATROONGENERATIE ....................................................................................................................................... 73
RESPIRATOIRE CONTROLE ................................................................................................................................ 74
CARDIOVASCULAIRE CONTROLE ....................................................................................................................... 74
SLAAP & WAAK ................................................................................................................................................. 74
NEURONALE POORTCONTROLE ........................................................................................................................ 75
HOOFDSTUK 25: CEREBELLUM ...................................................................................................................... 76
INLEIDING ......................................................................................................................................................... 76
MICROSCOPISCHE ANATOMIE .......................................................................................................................... 77
AFFERENTE PATHWAYS .................................................................................................................................... 78
TRACTUS OLIVOCEREBELLARIS .................................................................................................................... 78
EFFERENTE PATHWAYS ..................................................................................................................................... 78
ANTICIPERENDE FUNCTIE ................................................................................................................................. 78
HOOFDSTUK 27: THALAMUS & EPITHALAMUS .............................................................................................. 79
THALAMUS ....................................................................................................................................................... 79
SPECIFIEKE NUCLEI ....................................................................................................................................... 79
ASSOCIATIEVE NUCLEI ................................................................................................................................. 80
NIET-SPECIFIEKE NUCLEI .............................................................................................................................. 80
PEDUNKELS .................................................................................................................................................. 80
EPITHALAMUS .................................................................................................................................................. 81
HOOFDSTUK 30: ELEKTROENCEPHALOGRAFIE ............................................................................................... 82
INLEIDING ......................................................................................................................................................... 82
TECHNIEK .......................................................................................................................................................... 82
NORMAAL EEG.................................................................................................................................................. 82
ABNORMAAL EEG ............................................................................................................................................. 83
HOOFDSTUK 31: OPGEWEKTE POTENTIALEN................................................................................................. 84
Younes Staepels 5
, SENSORISCH ...................................................................................................................................................... 84
VISUEEL ........................................................................................................................................................ 84
AUDITIEF ...................................................................................................................................................... 84
SOMATOSENSORISCH .................................................................................................................................. 84
MOTORISCH ...................................................................................................................................................... 85
HOOFDSTUK 32: HEMISFERISCHE ASYMMETRIE ............................................................................................ 86
HANDDOMINANTIE .......................................................................................................................................... 86
TAALREGIO’S ..................................................................................................................................................... 86
SPREKEN....................................................................................................................................................... 87
LEZEN ........................................................................................................................................................... 87
LOBUS PARIËTALIS ............................................................................................................................................ 88
PREFRONTALE CORTEX ..................................................................................................................................... 88
HOOFDSTUK 33: BASALE GANGLIA ................................................................................................................ 89
INLEIDING ......................................................................................................................................................... 89
ALGEMENE CIRCUITS ........................................................................................................................................ 89
MOTORISCHE LUS ........................................................................................................................................ 90
COGNITIEVE LUS .......................................................................................................................................... 91
LIMBISCHE LUS............................................................................................................................................. 91
OCULOMOTORISCHE LUS............................................................................................................................. 91
HOOFDSTUK 35: CEREBROVASCULAIRE AANDOENINGEN .............................................................................. 92
INLEIDING ......................................................................................................................................................... 92
Younes Staepels 6
,HOOFDSTUK 3: MESENCEPHALON, PONS, MEDULLA SPINALIS
HERSENSTAM
Doorheen het tegmentum loopt een netwerk van neuronen, namelijk de formatio reticularis.
Er loopt ook een stijgende sensorische pathway door, namelijk de dorsale kolom – mediale
lemniscus baan (DCML). Deze bevat informatie van de romp en ledematen omtrent positie in
de ruimte. We noemen deze pathway zo omdat ze in het verloop van het ruggenmerg lopen
als de dorsale witte kolommen en in de hersenstam als de mediale lemniscus.
Meer ventrale herkennen we de tractus corticospinalis (CST) die de vrijwillige bewegingen
reguleert.
Ter hoogte van het mesencephalon loopt DCML (hier ML) doorheen het laterale tegmentum
(opweg naar de nucleus ventroposterolateralis van de thalamus) en CST doorheen het
middelste deel van het crus cerebri. We herkennen ook de formatio reticularis bilateraal
rond het aquaduct. De (stijgende) superieure cerebellaire pedunkels (SCP) vertrekken vanuit
de nucleus rubor en zullen kruisen t.h.v. de colliculi inferior.
Younes Staepels 7
,Ter hoogte van de pons lijnen de SCP de vierde ventrikel lateraal af. De DCML (hier ML) loopt
meer mediaal in het ventrale deel van het tegmentum. De formatio reticularis ligt tussen
vierde ventrikel en DCML. We herkennen heel veel transversale vezels die een brug (pons)
vormen tussen de twee hersenhemisferen. De CST liggen ventromediaal en worden in
verschillende fascikels gesplitst door kruising van transversale vezels.
Ter hoogte van de medulla oblongata zal CST bilateraal de pyramide vormen tot het op
niveau van de motorische kruising contralateraal zal kruisen om zo het ruggenmerg te
betreden. De DCML vormen de dorsale witte kolommen als de fasciculus gracilis en cuneatus
en gaan naar boven toe eindigen in de nucleus gracilis en cuneatus. Van hieruit vertrekken
nieuwe vezels die eerst contralateraal zullen kruisen op het niveau van de sensorische
kruising. Helemaal bovenaan de medulla oblongata zal de DCML mediaal overgaan in de
mediale lemniscus en zich naar lateraal begeven om verder te lopen in de pons.
In het laterale deel van de medulla zien we ook nog de tractus spinocerebellaris dorsalis die
het cerebellum informeert over de skeletspieractiviteit (onwillekeurig).
Bovenaan tenslotte zien we de kronkelende nucleus olivarius inferior.
Younes Staepels 8
, RUGGENMERG
31 paar spinale zenuwen bestaande uit een centrale vlindervormige grijze stof met daarrond
witte stof in drie kolommen:
§ Ventrale funiculus
§ Laterale funiculus
§ Dorsale funiculus
De CST zien we afdalen in de laterale funiculus. Op elk niveau takken vezels af naar de
voorste grijze hoorn om verder skeletspieren te activeren. In H16 zien we dat een heel kleine
bundel nog verder afdaalt richting de ventrale funiculus.
De DCML pathway verloopt zoals bij de medulla oblongata verder als de fasciculus cuneatus
en gracilis. Sensorische neuronen van het onderste deel van het lichaam vormen de
fasciculus gracilis en die van het bovenste deel de fasciculus cuneatus.
CEREBELLUM
Bestaat ook uit twee hemisferen die verbonden zijn via de vermis. Deze vermis stopt echter
op een bepaald punt waar we een groeve zien, de vallecula. Het oudste deel van het
cerebellum is de lobus flocculonodularis.
We herkennen ook een anterieure lobus die de pyramis en de uvula bevat een een
posterieure lobus die de tonsillen bevat. Deze tonsillen liggen vlak boven het foramen
magnum en zullen als eerste wegzakken wanneer de ICP te sterk stijgt. Dit kan
levensbedreigend zijn. De witte stof van het cerebellum bevat onder andere de nucleus
dentatus.
Younes Staepels 9
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