National boards: component 1 Biology Exam Study Guide.
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Course
Childhood Generalist
Institution
Childhood Generalist
National boards: component 1 Biology Exam
Study Guide.
Hydrogen bond - answerPartial negative charge at one end of a water molecule attracted to a
partial positive charge of another water molecule
Dehydration reactions - answerCreate polymers from monomers. Two monomers are joined by
removing ...
Unique properties of carbon - answer✔-4 valence electrons
-form up to 4 covalent bonds
-can be single, double or triple covalent bonds
-form large molecules
-molecules can be chains, rings or branched
Chitin - answer✔Polysaccharide in fungi, exoskeleton
Saturated days - answer✔Bad days, no double bonds btwn carbons, produced by animals
Unsaturated fats - answer✔Have C=C, produced by plants
Fat storage in humans - answer✔Adipose cells
Steroids - answer✔Ex) cholesterol (component of cell membrane), estrogen, testosterone
Structure of amino acid - answer✔Central carbon bonded to carboxyl group, amino group,
hydrogen and R group
Chaperoning - answer✔Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of proteins in cells;
provide isolating environment where protein takes on final shape
Properties of water - answer✔1) cohesion
2) moderation of temperature
3) insulation if bodies of water by floating ice
4) solvent
Size of prokaryotic cell - answer✔1um - 10um
Size of eukaryotic cell - answer✔10um - 100um
Components of plasma membrane - answer✔Phospholipid, proteins, and carbohydrates
Surface area to volume ratio in cells - answer✔Size is limited bc volume grows proportionately
more than surface area
Microvili - answer✔Projections that increase surface area
Peroxisome - answer✔Organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces
hydrogen peroxide
Function of smooth ER - answer✔Synthesis of lipids
Metabolism of carbohydrates
Detoxification of drugs and poisons
Structure of Golgi apparatus - answer✔Flattened stacks called cisternae; the cis face receives
vesicles and trans face ships vesicles
4 molecules that lysosomes digest - answer✔Proteins, polysaccharides, fats and nucleic acids
Best conditions for lysosomes digestive enzymes - answer✔Acidic enviro found inside
lysosomes. Do not work if lysosomes breaks or leaks; neutral pH in cell is not optimal
Mitochondria cristae - answer✔Increases the surface area enhancing the productivity of CR
Endosymbiont theory - answer✔States that mitochondria and chloroplast descended from
prokaryotic cells once engulfed by ancestors or eukaryotic cells
3 lines of evidence of endosymbiont theory - answer✔1) both organelles have double-
membrane structure
2) both have their own ribosomes and
DNA
3) both reproduce independently
within the cel,
Microtubules - answer✔Made up of protein tubulin; Largest of cytoskeleton fibers; separate
chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis
Microfilaments - answer✔Made up of actin. Part of cytoskeleton
Extracellular matrix - answer✔Greatly strengthens tissues and serves as a conduit for
transmitting external stimuli into the cell which can turn genes on and modify biochemical
activity
Function of carb on cell membrane - answer✔Crucial in cell-cell recognition (necessary for
immune function)
Most important molecule to move across the plasma membrane - answer✔Water; moves through
aquaporins
Hydrophobic substances in diffusion - answer✔Hydrocarbons, co2, o2 (able to pass easily across
membrane)
Flaccid - answer✔Limp plant
Plasmolyzed - answer✔Plant is shriveled
Turgid - answer✔Plant full of water (firm)
Facilitated diffusion - answer✔Helps polar molecules (hydrophilic) molecules across the
membrane
Membrane potential - answer✔Difference in electric charge across membrane: inside of cell is
negative and outside is positive
Electrogenic pump - answer✔Transport protein that generates voltage across the membrane; na-k
pump and proton pump
Metabolism - answer✔Transforms matter and energy; totality if an organisms chemical reactions
Catabolic pathways - answer✔Release of energy by the breakdown of complex molecules to
simpler ones; digestive enzymes breaking food down to release energy
Anabolic pathways - answer✔Consuming energy to build complicated molecules from simpler
ones; body linking amino acids to form muse protein in response to exercise
Free energy - answer✔Systems energy that is able to perform work when temperature of system
is uniform
Coenzyme - answer✔Organic cofactors such as vitamins (nonprotein helpers) that help enzyme
function properly
Competitive inhibitors - answer✔Compete with the substrate for the active site on the enzyme
reducing efficiency of enzyme
No competitive inhibitors - answer✔Impede enzyme activity by binding to another part of the
enzyme; causing enzyme to change shape hindering active site
ligand - answer✔signal molecule
transduction (cell communication) - answer✔the conversion of the signal to a form that can bring
about a specific cellular response
protein kinases - answer✔enzyme that activates many proteins (turns on signal)
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