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ASU BIO 340 Exam 1 Study Guide Solutions Updated 2024 selective breeding (artificial selection) - ANSWER-the process of developing organisms with specific characteristics as chosen by the breeders Gregor Mendel () - ANSWER-Amateur botanist who published an explanation of hereditary transmissio...

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ASU BIO 340 Exam 1 Study Guide

Solutions Updated 2024


selective breeding (artificial selection) - ANSWER✔✔-the process of developing organisms with specific

characteristics as chosen by the breeders


Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - ANSWER✔✔-Amateur botanist who published an explanation of

hereditary transmission in plants in 1866. Known for his pea-plant experiments and commonly referred

to as the "father of genetics"


modern genetics - ANSWER✔✔-the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics


bacterial transforming principle - ANSWER✔✔-an experiment proposed by Frederick Griffith in 1928

which suggested that a "transforming principle" from a heat-killed virulent Pneumococcus strain can

transform a non-virulent strain into a pathogenic one.


Avery, McCarty, MacLeod (1944) - ANSWER✔✔-biological researchers who identified DNA as the likely

transforming principle in Griffith's experiment.


Hershey and Chase (1952) - ANSWER✔✔-concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was

DNA, not protein.


Edwin Chargaff - ANSWER✔✔-Austrian biochemist who discovered that identical quantities of A and T, C

and G were present in DNA (developed the complementary base-pairing rule for DNA).




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Frederick Griffith (1928) - ANSWER✔✔-British bacteriologist; the first person to show that hereditary

information could be transferred from one cell to another horizontally rather than vertically


genome - ANSWER✔✔-the complete set of genetic information carried by a species


vertical transmission - ANSWER✔✔-gene transmission between organisms without parental

reproduction


horizontal transmission - ANSWER✔✔-gene transmission from parents to their offspring through

reproduction (aka person-to-person)


DNA replication - ANSWER✔✔-the process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.


transcription - ANSWER✔✔-synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template


mRNA (messenger RNA) - ANSWER✔✔-a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to

make a protein


hereditary material - ANSWER✔✔-the information which is passed from one cellular generation to the

next (encoded in DNA in humans).


Pauling and Corey (1951) - ANSWER✔✔-biological researchers who provided the basis for research on

DNA structure (proposed an alpha helix model as a structure for nucleic acid)


Watson and Crick (1953) - ANSWER✔✔-the two scientists who discovered the structure and shape of

DNA


nucleotide - ANSWER✔✔-a building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to

a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.


genes - ANSWER✔✔-DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.

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chromosomes - ANSWER✔✔-a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of

most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.


nucleoid - ANSWER✔✔-a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.


diploid - ANSWER✔✔-containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (2n)


haploid - ANSWER✔✔-an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes (n)


gametes - ANSWER✔✔-human sex cells containing one set of 23 chromosomes


homologous chromosomes - ANSWER✔✔-matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism


Chargaff's Rule - ANSWER✔✔-A=T and C=G


locus - ANSWER✔✔-position of a gene on a chromosome


Meselson and Stahl (1958) - ANSWER✔✔-Bacterial cells were grown in a heavy isotope of nitrogen, 15N


All the DNA incorporated 15N


Cells were switched to media containing lighter 14N


DNA was extracted from the cells at various time intervals


central dogma - ANSWER✔✔-theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA to

proteins


translation - ANSWER✔✔-decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain


initiation of translation - ANSWER✔✔-mRNA is attached to a subunit of the ribosome, the first codon is

always AUG




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