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bisc 120 w trond sigurdsen - midterm 3 exam study guide solutions

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bisc 120 w trond sigurdsen - midterm 3 exam study guide solutions tobacco mosaic disease - ANSWER-1800s - stunted growth of tobacco plants - infected leaves show mosaic coloration - first discovered virus virus - ANSWER-obligate intracellular parasite - nucleic acid in a caprid (protein coat...

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bisc 120 w trond sigurdsen - midterm 3

exam study guide solutions

tobacco mosaic disease - ANSWER✔✔-1800s

- stunted growth of tobacco plants

- infected leaves show mosaic coloration

- first discovered virus

virus - ANSWER✔✔-obligate intracellular parasite

- nucleic acid in a caprid (protein coat), and sometimes a membrane envelope

ancient virus origin hypothesis - ANSWER✔✔-- viruses appeared on earth simultaneously w protocells

- "selfish" genetic elements parasitized on independent replicating protocells since early stages of life

evidence for ancient virus origin hypothesis - ANSWER✔✔-- all domains of life susceptible to viruses

- the genomes of most cells contain integrated viral genetic info

cell first origin hypothesis - ANSWER✔✔-viruses evolved after cells from components of cells capable of

exiting (primarily nucleic acids)

evidence for cell first origin hypothesis - ANSWER✔✔-- viruses can only replicate within cells

- physical structure and nucleic acids used vary enormously

- plasmids (mobile genetic elements) exist in bacteria

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plasmid - ANSWER✔✔-extrachromosomal circular dna

- independently replicating

- has some extra genes

viral genome - ANSWER✔✔-- double or single-stranded dna or rna

- capsids and envelopes

capsid - ANSWER✔✔-protein coat surrounding a virus

capsomeres - ANSWER✔✔-protein subunits that make up capsids

host range - ANSWER✔✔-the limited number of species whose cells can be infected by a particular virus

- make use of ribosomes, enzymes, atp, etc

bateriophages (phages) - ANSWER✔✔-viruses that infect bacteria

- best understood

- most complex capsids

How does a phage replicate? - ANSWER✔✔-protein tailpiece attaches the phage to host and injects dna

inside

lyctic cycle - ANSWER✔✔-- kills the bacteria in the process

lysogenic cycle - ANSWER✔✔-- prophage stage

- cell doesn't die :)

prophage stage - ANSWER✔✔-LYSOGENIC CYCLE

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phage dna integrates into the bacterial cell - becomes prophage

restriction enzymes - ANSWER✔✔-cuts up viral (phage) dna

CRISPR - ANSWER✔✔-clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

- leads to production of enzymes that cut into specific viral dna

hiv - ANSWER✔✔-human immunodeficiency virus

- retrovirus

- attacks white blood cells > aids develops

retrovirus - ANSWER✔✔-rna in virus is translated into a dna provirus in host cell

- has viral envelope

- cancer-causing usually

viral envelope - ANSWER✔✔-a membrane, derived from membranes of the host cell, that cloaks the

capsid, which in turn encloses a viral genome

glycoproteins - ANSWER✔✔-proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them, bonds to the

surface of white blood cells

- lies outside viral envelope in hiv

reverse transcriptase - ANSWER✔✔-an enzyme encoded by retroviruses that uses RNA as a template for

DNA synthesis

- creates provirus

provirus - ANSWER✔✔-a viral genome that is permanently inserted into a host genome

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coronaviruses - ANSWER✔✔-- single rna strand, capsid protein tightly bound

antibodies don't work on _________. - ANSWER✔✔-viruses

lymphocytes - ANSWER✔✔-white blood cells

how do vaccines work? - ANSWER✔✔-the vaccine inserts dead or weakened pathogen to produce a

primary immune response

- ex: smallpox last diagnosed 1977

prions - ANSWER✔✔-misfolded proteins

- cause normal proteins to be misfolded the same way

- often attacks brain

- ex: MAD COW DISEASE and KURU

kuru - ANSWER✔✔-prion disease transmitted through cannibalism

- origin: new guinea

mad cow disease - ANSWER✔✔-prion disease in cattle

- cause: cattle cannibalism

eukaryotes originated from __________. - ANSWER✔✔-endosymbiosis

- nuclear membrane formed through infolding plasma membrane

- mitochondria and plastids (ex: chloroplasts) were formerly small prokaryotes, engulfed by host cell

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