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Applied Policy Analysis Exam Questions With Correct Answers 2024
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Applied Policy Analysis Exam Questions With Correct Answers 2024
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Applied Policy Analysis Exam QuestionsWith Correct Answers 2024
What .is .public .policy? .(elements) .- .correct .answer.The .course .of .action .the .government
.takes .in .response .to .an .issue .or .problem. .In .more .depth, .it .emphasizes .two .constitutive
.elements, .institutional .arrangements .and .the .actions .of .public .actors.
Polity .(institutions) .+ .Politics .(actors) .= .Policy
What .is .public .policy? .(differences .in .scope) .- .correct .answer.Sectors, .Targets .and
.Instruments
Public .policy .can .be .understood .in .any .of .the .following .4 .ways:
-Sector-specific .measures .(e.g. .energy .policy).
-Subfield-specific .measures .(e.g. .renewable .energy .policy).
-Specific .issues .in .the .subfields .(e.g. .feed-in .tariffs).
-Regulatory .instruments .connected .to .the .issues .(e.g. .level .of .feed-in .tariffs).
Rationalist .Approach .(Analytical .Perspective .on .Policy .Progress) .- .correct .answer.A
.policy-making .approach .assuming .systematic .and .logical .decision-making. .
The .rationalist .approach .conceives .of .policy-making .as .a .process .of .problem-solving.
.Rather .than .seeking .to .explain .the .policy .process, .this .approach .prescribes .an .ideal
.conception .of .how .policy-making .should .be .organized .and .evolve .in .order .to .achieve
.optimal .solutions .to .the .underlying .policy .problems. .Hence .it .entails .a .normative .(how
.policies .should .evolve) .rather .than .a .positive .(how .policy .can .be .explained) .perspective
.on .policy- .making.
Could .include:
*Intelligence .(collection .& .processing .of .knowledge .and .information)
*Promotion .(identification .and .support .of .selected .alternative) .- .assumes .they .can .easily
.identify .different .options
*Prescription .(imposition .of .a .binding .decision)
*Invocation .(policy .enforcement) .- .able .to .enforce .the .decision
*Termination .(abrogation .of .policy)
*Appraisal .(evaluation .of .policy .effects .- .against .the .backdrop .of .initial .objectives .and
.intentions)
,Application: .Used .in .situations .where .decision-makers .have .comprehensive .information
.and .make .choices .to .maximize .outcomes.
Incremental .Model .(Analytical .Perspective .on .Policy .Progress) .- .correct .answer.Public
.policy .is .regarded .as .the .political .result .of .the .interaction .of .various .actors .possessing
.different .types .of .information. .These .actors .need .to .make .concessions, .and .therefore
.policy-makers .primarily .concentrate .on .aspects .that .are .less .controversial .and .more
.technical.
The .theory .of .incrementalism .explicitly .rejected .the .idea .of .public .policy .being .made .on
.the .basis .of .a .fully .rational .decision-making .process.
This .process .of .'partisan .mutual .adjustment' .can .only .lead .to .one .outcome: .incremental
.policy .change.
This .implies .that .policy-makers .act .within .the .context .of .limited .information, .the .cognitive
.restrictions .of .their .minds .and .the .finite .amount .of .time .available .for .policy-making .- .all .of
.which .are .largely .congruent .with .the .concept .of .'bounded .rationality' .(i.e. .rationality .is
.limited .when .individuals .make .decisions).
E.g. .During .Covid-19, .policymakers .had .to .quickly .decide .on .how .to .tackle .the .different
.issues .(economic, .health, .etc.). .And .had .to .do .it .fast .with .little .information .and .knowledge
.on .how .to .drive .the .economic .policy .without .going .bankrupt. .So, .they .took .these
.decisions .incrementally .(varied .between .countries).
Application: .Often .observed .in .contexts .where .stability .and .gradual .adjustments .are
.preferred, .such .as .budgetary .allocations .and .long-term .projections.
Garbage .Can .Model .(Analytical .Perspective .on .Policy .Progress) .- .correct .answer.The
.garbage .can .model .questions .even .these .less .strict .rationality .assumptions .and
.disconnects .problems, .solutions .and .decision-makers .from .each .other.
In .contrast .to .the .rationalist .and .incrementalist .perspectives, .decisions .do .not .follow .an
.orderly .process .from .problem .to .solution, .but .are .the .outcomes .of .several .relatively
.independent .streams .of .events, .namely .problems, .solutions, .choice .opportunities .and
.participants.
In .contrast .to .the .conventional .view .that .problems .trigger .decision- .making .processes,
.the .garbage .can .model .assumes .that .usually .the .involved .actors .within .an .organization
.go .through .the .'garbage' .first .and .look .for .a .suitable .fix, .i.e. .the .'solution'. .Hence,
.solutions .exist .and .develop .independently .of .problems.
E.g. .During .Covid-19 .there .was .some .preexisting .knowledge .from .SARs .and .vaccine
.programmes, .but .not .other .things .such .as .social .distances .etc. .So .policymakers .looked
.through .pre-existing .solutions .to .find/adapt .to .the .current .situation.
, Stages .of .the .Policy .Process .- .correct .answer.(1) .problem .definition .and .agenda-setting,
(2) .policy .formulation .and .adoption,
(3) .implementation .and
(4) .evaluation .(with .the .potential .consequence .of .policy .termination .or .reformulation)
Problem .definition .and .agenda .setting: .When .things .are .placed .on .the .agenda .there .may
.be .an .issue .of .framing, .e.g.you .have .a .government .to .take .into .consideration. .Broader
.range .of .actors .involved.
Policy .formulation .and .adoption: .decision .taken .about .how .to .formulate .and .appropriate
.policies .(how .do .they .come .about), .also .includes .lobbying .efforts.
Implementation: .No .guarantee .that .the .policy .will .be .implemented .or .have .the .wished
.effect. .This .is .an .important .phase, .from .talking .the .talk .to .walking .the .walk. .
Institutional .set-up .plays .a .large .role. .Countries .with .weak .institutions .may .have .trouble
.with .fully .implementing .policies
Evaluation: .How .can .the .effects .or .outcomes .be .measured, .and .what .might .explain
.variations .in .policy .effects. .Different .sets .of .actors .involved. .
Policy .stages .is .built .up .around .classical .notion .of .policy .cycle; .yet, .the .approach .does
.not .assume .a .sequential .model, .because .there .could .be .overlap .between .stages; .also
.policy .aims .can .be .reformulated .during .the .implementation .phase; .also .multiple .policies
.are .not .evaluated;
Lowi's .Policy .Typology .(Method .of .classifying .different .types .of .public .policies) .- .correct
.answer.1. .Regulatory .policies: .Measures .which .set .rules .or .specify .conditions .and
.constraints .for .individual .or .collective .behaviour. .Political .dynamic .depends .on .the
.specific .policy .area. .
2. .Distributive: .Measures .which .affect .the .allocation .or .distribution .of .resources .from .the
.government .to .particular .recipients .(distributive .policies). .Taking .from .the .general .budget
.and .targeting .one .specific .type .of .legislature. .
3. .Redistributive: .Measures .which .transfer .resources .from .one .societal .group .to .another.
.Taking .from .one .group .e.g. .the .rich .and .redistributing .it .to .the .poor. .
4. .Constituent: .Measures .which .create .or .modify .the .state's .institutions. .Creating .a .new
.agency, .changing .procedural .parliament .rules. .Establish .the .framework .for .government
.operations.
Wilson's .Policy .Typology .(Method .of .classifying .different .types .of .public .policies) .- .correct
.answer.Rejects .ambiguous .policy .types .and .distinguishes .instead .between .policies .on
.the .basis .of .whether .the .related .costs .and .benefits .are .either .widely .distributed .or
.narrowly .concentrated.
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