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Psy 255 Chapter 4&5 Lecture Notes

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This is a comprehensive and detailed note on Chapter 4&5 for Psy 255. *Essential for positive change!!

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  • November 4, 2024
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Liberty University PSYC 255

Behavioral research

Chapter 4 and 5 study notes

<Cozby and Bates, Methods of behavioral research=

Chapter 4 <Fundamental Research Issues=

Study Terms:

1) Confounding variable p. 84 - an uncontrolled third variable in operation

- The experimental method provides us with a way of controlling the effects of third

variables.

2) Non-experimental method research p.81 – relationships are studied by making

observations or measurements of the variables of interest.

- This is done by asking people to describe their behavior, directly overserving

behavior, or examining public records.

- <Observed as they occurred naturally=.

A) The non- experimental method is not ideal when asking questions

concerning cause and effect.

B) It is difficult to determine which variable causes the other (direction

problem)

C) Third variable problem – there may be a relationship between two

variables because some other variable causes both.

3) Correlated method – is the examination to whether the variables correlate or very

together.

, C) There is a need to eliminate plausible alternative explanations for the observed

relationship.

- Inferences about causal relationships are stronger when there are fewer

alternative explanations for the observed relationship.

12) Operational definition - is a set of procedures used to measure or manipulate a variable.

- A variable must have an operational definition to be studied empirically

13) Construct validity – refers to the adequacy of the operational definition variables.

14) Four Most Common Relationships Found In Research

1. Positive linear relationship – increases the values of one variable are

accomplished by increasing the values of the second variable.

Example

- Communication credibility

2. Negative linear relationship – increases in the values of one of the variables are

accompanied by decrease in the values of the other variable.

3. Curvilinear relationship - increases in the value of one variable are accompanied

by systematic increases and decreases in the values of the other variable.

- To many extroverts.

4. No relationship – no relationship between variables.

15) Field experiment - The independent variable to be manipulated in a natural setting.

16) Description of Behavior – a major goal of science is to provide an accurate description

of events goal is to describe behavior rather to understand its causes.

__________________________________________________



Chapter 5

Measurement Of Concepts

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