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ANBI 139 - Disease Exam Latest Update
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ANBI 139 - Disease Exam Latest UpdateGive an example each of heritable and non-heritable variation - Answer Eye-color and
hobbies
What is the difference between somatic and germ cells? - Answer Somatic cells are the
majority of the cells in the body, germ cells can give rise to gametes
Can somatic mutations be passed on to the next generation? - Answer No only germ line
mutations can
Are most mutations dangerous to the survival of the individual in which they occur? -
Answer No, most mutations appear to be neutral
Why is the evolutionary tree of life made up of branches? - Answer Because most of the
time, once two populations or organisms have stopped exchanging DNA, they become
incompatible and cannot start exchanging DNA again
Why is it impossible to place viruses on the tree of life? - Answer Because viruses do not
contain DNA that can be directly compared to the DNA in cellular life forms
What does convergent evolution mean? - Answer Independent evolution leading to
similar outcomes
Give a proximate mechanism for disease - Answer Mutation in important immune genes
(ex. interleukin 10)
Give an evolutionary explanation for disease - Answer Hygiene hypothesis
Why is the name SIV a misnomer? - Answer Because the virus does not cause
immunodeficiency in most non-human primates
Why is it impossible to rid the world of influenza A virus? - Answer There is a huge and
diverse reservoir of influenza viruses in wild water birds
What is unusual about prion disease? - Answer They are caused by a misfolded protein,
not by a living, replicating organism. A misfiled protein from outside the body causes
additional misfiling of the patient's own prion molecules
How could menopause be thought of as an adaptation rather than as a disease? -
Answer Long post reproductive survival in female humans may be an adaptation to the
importance of cultural transmission and the human reproductive pattern
What is the origin of the word vaccination? - Answer The latin word vacca = cow, given
that cowpox was used to immunize humans against smallpox
What is the difference between variolation and vaccination? - Answer Variolation uses
scabs from smallpox patients to immunize naive persons, while vaccination uses scabs
from cows infected with cowpox to immunize against smallpox. Vaccination has since
,been applied to other methods of immunization
How long is the haploid genome of each of our cells and how many letter base pairs
does it contain? - Answer About 1 meter long and it contains 3 billion bp
What does chromatin consist of? - Answer Histone and non-histone proteins and DNA
How can different parts of the genome have different histories? - Answer Genetic
recombination breaks apart and brings together different parts of the genome, The
further apart on a chromosome two segments of DNA are, the likelier that these do not
share the same precise history
What 2 different parts of our genomes do not get reshuffled but are rather inherited from
one parent only? - Answer Mitochondrial DNA and most of the Y-chromosome
What are the four major classes of biomolecules? - Answer Nucleic acids, proteins,
lipids, and glycans
How many pieces of DNA are there in the genome of a human? - Answer 46, visible as
chromosome when a cell is dividing
What is a haplotype? - Answer A unique combination of DNA variants along the same
strand of DNA
What characteristics of the genome can affect gene expression? - Answer Chromatin
remodeling, histone modification, DNA methylation, non-coding and micro RNA, RNA
binding proteins, DNA-binding proteins
What is the ratio of human to microbial cells in and on your body? - Answer About 1 to 1
How many times smaller than you is the average bacterium - Answer One million times
How could human hosts benefit from genes in the genome of their microbiome? -
Answer Microbial enzymes can digest food and generate vitamins
Name two ways in which biological and cultural inheritance are similar and two ways in
which they differ - Answer Both types of inheritance represent transmission of
information, both are affected by change over time; cultural inheritance does not
include the inheritance of genetic material and it can spread horizontally or even from
younger generations to older generations
Give an example of an important human technology that does not fossilize? - Answer
Fiber technology, ropes, strings, baskets, fabrics
How can names and language affect behavior? - Answer It allows for reputations as the
actions of the named individual can be reported to a wide social network and affect that
individual's social standing
What is the consequence of language and kinship terms for social organization? -
Answer These allow for the formation of tribes, allowing large numbers of small groups
, to form very large social networks that develop cultural identities
Which of the modern online services relies heavily on reputation? - Answer Ebay and Air
B&B
What is aneuploidy? - Answer Deviation from normal chromosome numbers
Why were bacteria and protozoa discovered long before viruses? - Answer Because
viruses are sub-cellular parasites that cannot be seen by light microscopy
List four different types of host defenses - Answer Mucus barrier, skin, antimicrobial
toxins, immune cells
What is horror autotoxicus? - Answer The horror of having one's own powerful immune
system unleashed against oneself
How much larger is a human macrophage than a bacterium? - Answer 4 to 40 times
larger
How does the macrophage recognize bacteria? - Answer By using innate immune
receptors that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns
How thick is human skin? - Answer Around 2 mm
What is the total surface of the human skin? - Answer 2 square meters without the folds,
25 square meters with
What is mucus made of? - Answer Mucus is a hydrated biogel consisting mostly of highly
glycosylated mucin glycoproteins but also salts and anti-microbial proteins
What kind of information does the immune system process? - Answer Molecular
information about self and non-self, consisting of composition and shape of molecules
and the patterns these form
List two cell types in the body that lose their genomes as they mature - Answer RBC,
platelets, lens cells of the eye
What are innate immune receptors? - Answer Proteins made by a host organism (even in
absence of immunization) that recognize molecular patterns on potential pathogens and
parasites
What is the impact of rich diversity on alleles at many of the genes encoding innate
immune receptors? - Answer Individual humans can react very differently to the same
pathogens
How can liquid blood rapidly form a clot? - Answer Blood is super charged with proteins
that can react to contact with oxygen and form mesh works of fibers that can crosslink
and entrap platelets, thus forming a clot
How does the adaptive immune system prevent cells from reacting against self? -
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