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NUR 635 Advanced Pharmacology Midterm Exam 2024/2025 with 100% correct Solutions
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NUR 635 Advanced Pharmacology Midterm Exam 2024/2025 with 100% correct Solutions
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NUR 635 Advanced Pharmacology Midterm Exam2024/2025 with 100% correct Solutions
What is competitive antagonism? - ✔✔where one drug displaces another on cell receptors.
How is metabolism effected by different ethnic groups? - ✔✔Different ethnic groups may have
different hepatic metabolism rates
Routes of elimination - ✔✔1. Pulmonary = expired in the air (volatile substances)
2. Bile = excreted in feces
3. Renal
-glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (Normal) - ✔✔90-125L/min
Most elimination involves..... - ✔✔renal function. (Renal blood flow, creatinine clearance (CrCl)
)
,Linear drug elimination - ✔✔Rate of elimination is proportional to amount of drug present
volatile drugs are excreted by the.... - ✔✔lungs
Bioavailability - ✔✔A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route
(from 0% to 100%).
Which route of administration has the greatest bioavailability - ✔✔intravenous, putting
entire dose into a patients vein and bypassing absorption.
Which route of administration bypasses first-pass metabolism in the liver - ✔✔intravenous
Which method of administration has variable and erratic absorption - ✔✔rectal
What is a half-life? - ✔✔the time required for serum plasma concentrations to decrease
by one-half, 50%
When is a steady state reached? - ✔✔after 4-5 half lives
What is zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics - ✔✔a drug is metabolized at a constant
rate per unit time
Why is help life important - ✔✔-determines how frequently a drug must be administered. -
predicts how long toxic effects can last (when the drug is over the minimum toxic level)
what is Michaelis-menten pharmacokinetics - ✔✔the rate of drug elimination is
directly proportional to the concentration of free drug
,Why is peak and trough measured - ✔✔to see if a drug is within its therapeutic range
What is narrow therapeutic index - ✔✔when the difference between effective dose and a
toxic blood level is small
what is a wide therapeutic index? - ✔✔Greater distance between effective dose and toxic
dose, requires less intense monitoring
what is drug potency - ✔✔the concentration needed to produce measurable effect
what is the onset of action - ✔✔the point in time when the drug's blood concentration
level elicits a response, the first indication that the drug is having a therapeutic effect
What is bioequivalence? - ✔✔Two drugs that demonstrate comparable bioavailability
and similar times to achieve peak blood concentrations
what is therapeutic equivalent - ✔✔Drug products are considered to be therapeutic
equivalents only if they are pharmaceutical equivalents and if they can be expected to have the
same clinical effect and safety profile when administered to patients.
example: ACE inhibitors (lisinopril, ramipril)
what is therapeutic index - ✔✔Ratio of a drug's toxic level to the level that provides
therapeutic benefits
Calculation LD 50 / ED 50
What is margin of safety - ✔✔The margin between the therapeutic and lethal doses of a drug
Why are loading doses given? - ✔✔reach a therapeutic effect quicker
, Examples of medications with loading doses - ✔✔aminoglycosides (gentamicin) or
azithromycin, digoxin
Do loading doses altered for patient metabolism or elimination - ✔✔No. Loading doses are
the same for every patient
What initiates biochemical reactions - ✔✔Drugs bind to cellular receptors. Pharmacological
effect is due to the alteration of an intrinsic physiological process and not the creation of a
new process.
Example of the actions that can occur when a drug binds to a receptor - ✔✔-ion channel
is opened or closed
-second messenger is activated (cAMP, cGMP, inositol phosphate, initiates a series of reactions
-normal cellular function is inhibited
-cellular function is "turned on"
What is affinity? - ✔✔refers to the strength of the attraction between a drug and its receptor
*Number of occupied receptors is a function of a balance between bound and free drug
What is the dissociation constant (Kd) - ✔✔A measure of a drug's affinity for a given receptor.
It is the concentration of a drug required to achieve 50% occupancy of its receptors
What is an agonist? - ✔✔drugs that occupy receptors and activate them. These drugs alter
the physiology of a cell by binding to plasma membrane or intracellular receptors.
Agonists downregulate the receptors with chronic use
What is a partial agonist? - ✔✔A drug that binds to its receptor but produces a smaller effect
at full dosage than a full agonist
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