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MBG 2040 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass Why do we study genetics? Provide an example for each. - ANSWER--genetics plays a critical role in understanding disease (i.e. in understanding cancer) -genetics improves agricultural practices (we can manipulate crops so they are more resis...

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  • November 4, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Copyright © KAYLIN 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH NOVEMBER, 2024




MBG 2040 Midterm Exam Questions and

Answers 100% Pass


Why do we study genetics? Provide an example for each. - ANSWER✔✔--genetics plays a critical role in

understanding disease (i.e. in understanding cancer)


-genetics improves agricultural practices (we can manipulate crops so they are more resistant to pests

and drought)


-genetics used biotechnology industry for drug design, development, and production (transcription

factors are targets of drugs, so understanding genes helps us to make drugs that are effective)


What is a gene? - ANSWER✔✔-the fundamental unit of heredity- it is a genetic factor (region of DNA)

that helps determine a characteristic


What do genes come in? - ANSWER✔✔-Multiple forms called alleles


What does genotype confer? (grant or bestow) - ANSWER✔✔-phenotype


What is genetic information carried in? - ANSWER✔✔-DNA


Where are genes located? - ANSWER✔✔-on chromosomes


How is genetic information transferred? - ANSWER✔✔-from DNA, to RNA, to protein


What is an allele? - ANSWER✔✔-One of two or more alternative forms of a gene


What is a locus? - ANSWER✔✔-a specific place on a chromosome occupied by an allele



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define genotype - ANSWER✔✔-set of alleles possessed by an individual organism


define heterozygote - ANSWER✔✔-an individual organism possessing two different alleles at a locus


define homozygote - ANSWER✔✔-an individual organism possessing two of the same alleles at a locus


define phenotype/trait - ANSWER✔✔-the appearance or manifestation of a character


Who discovered the basic principles of heredity? - ANSWER✔✔-Gregor Mendel


What happens in a typical monohybrid cross? - ANSWER✔✔--Each parental homozygote produces one

type of gamete.


-the F1 heterozygotes produce two kinds of F1 gametes in equal proportions


-self-fertilization of the F1 heterozygotes yields tall and dwarf (in this example) offspring in a 3:1 ratio


What happened in Mendel's dihybrid cross? - ANSWER✔✔--purpose of the pea experiment was to see if

the two seed traits are inherited independently


-crossed plants that produced yellow, round seeds with plants that produced green, wrinkled seeds


-F1 seeds were all yellow and round- therefore these are the dominant traits


-self-fertilized F1 generation to yield F2 seeds that represented all possible combinations of the colour

and texture traits


-two classes resembled parental strain


-the other two showed new combinations of traits


-9:3:3:1 ratio- therefore each trait was controlled by a different gene segregating two alleles, and the two

genes were inherited independently


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Describe example of a dihybrid cross - ANSWER✔✔--Each parental homozygote produces one kind of

gamete


-the F1 heterozygotes produce four kinds of gametes in equal proportions


-self-fertilization of the F1 heterozygotes yields four phenotypes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio


What are the pedigree symbols? - ANSWER✔✔--blank square: unaffected male


-coloured square: affected male


-blank circle: unaffected female


-coloured circle: affected female


-blank diamond: person who's sex is unknown


-square to circle with one line: mating


-square to circle with two lines: consanguineous marriage (inbreeding)


-vertical line from circle and square leading to shape: offspring (and generation line)


-line connecting siblings: sibship line


-identical twins are two shapes from one line from parents


What is a pedigree assumption for rare and autosomal recessive traits? - ANSWER✔✔--individuals who

mate/marry into the pedigree are not carriers but are homozygous for the 'normal' allele (unless there is

evidence to the contrary)


What does a recessive mutation often involve? - ANSWER✔✔-the loss of gene function




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What happens when an allele is null or amorphic? Example? - ANSWER✔✔--a nonfunctional protein is

produced


-OR no protein is produced


-Tyrosinase gene


What happens when an allele is hypomorphic? Example? - ANSWER✔✔--a poorly functioning protein is

produced


-Or reduced amounts of a normally functioning protein is produced


-SCD


What is an example of an autosomal dominant trait? - ANSWER✔✔--Huntington disease


What do dominant mutations often involve? - ANSWER✔✔--gain/change of gene function


What does a dominant hypermorphic allele involve? - ANSWER✔✔--negative phenotypic consequences

due to the over-production of the normal protein OR


-negative phenotypic consequences due to the production of a protein with increased activity levels


What does a neomorphic allele involve? - ANSWER✔✔--negative phenotypic consequences due to the

presence of an altered protein that has a new function Or


-negative phenotypic consequences when the altered protein interferes with the wild type protein

(dominant-negative allele)


For traits that are rare and dominant, affected individuals are are most likely to be heterozygous. Why? -

ANSWER✔✔-if the trait is rare in the population, then matings between heterozygous individuals would

be infrequent

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